Convolutional Neural Network-week1编程题（一步步搭建CNN模型）

Convolutional Neural Networks: Step by Step

implement convolutional (CONV) and pooling (POOL) layers in numpy, including both forward propagation and (optionally) backward propagation.

Notation:

• Superscript \([l]\) denotes an object of the \(l^{th}\) layer.

  • Example: \(a^{[4]}\) is the \(4^{th}\) layer activation. \(W^{[5]}\) and \(b^{[5]}\) are the \(5^{th}\) layer parameters.

• Superscript \((i)\) denotes an object from the \(i^{th}\) example.

  • Example: \(x^{(i)}\) is the \(i^{th}\) training example input.

• Lowerscript \(i\) denotes the \(i^{th}\) entry of a vector.

  • Example: \(a^{[l]}_i\) denotes the \(i^{th}\) entry of the activations in layer \(l\), assuming this is a fully connected (FC) layer.

• \(n_H\), \(n_W\) and \(n_C\) denote respectively the height, width and number of channels of a given layer. If you want to reference a specific layer \(l\), you can also write \(n_H^{[l]}\), \(n_W^{[l]}\), \(n_C^{[l]}\).

• \(n_{H_{prev}}\), \(n_{W_{prev}}\) and \(n_{C_{prev}}\) denote respectively the height, width and number of channels of the previous layer. If referencing a specific layer \(l\), this could also be denoted \(n_H^{[l-1]}\), \(n_W^{[l-1]}\), \(n_C^{[l-1]}\).

1. Packages

import numpy as np
import h5py
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (5.0, 4.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'

%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

np.random.seed(1)

2. Outline of Assignment

• Convolution functions, including:

  • Zero Padding

  • Convolve window

  • Convolution forward

  • Convolution backward (optional)

• Pooling functions, including:

  • Pooling forward

  • Create mask

  • Distribute value

  • Pooling backward (optional)

Note: 每一步前向传播，都有对应的 反向传播，因此，你需要把每一步前向传播的parameters，存储到 cache中，用于反向传播.

3. Convolutional Neural Networks

一个卷积层(convolutional layer)将一个输入量转换成不同大小的输出量，如图：

3.1 Zero-Padding

Zero-padding adds zeros around the border of an image:

Figure 1 : Zero-Padding：Image (3 channels, RGB) with a padding of 2.

Zero-Padding的两个好处：

• 允许你使用 CONV layer 而不必要减小 the height and width of the volumes.(尤其是搭建深层网络时)(Same convolutions)

• 帮助我们保持图片边缘重要的信息. 没有Padding，很少有值，在下一层能够作为图片的边缘被像素值影响

Exercise:实现函数，用0填充一批示例X的所有图像. Note if you want to pad the array "a" of shape \((5,5,5,5,5)\) with pad = 1 for the 2nd dimension, pad = 3 for the 4th dimension and pad = 0 for the rest, you would do:

a = np.pad(a, ((0,0), (1,1), (0,0), (3,3), (0,0)), 'constant', constant_values = (..,..))

实现：

# GRADED FUNCTION: zero_pad

def zero_pad(X, pad):
    """
    Pad with zeros all images of the dataset X. The padding is applied to the height and width of an image, 
    as illustrated in Figure 1.
    
    Argument:
    X -- python numpy array of shape (m, n_H, n_W, n_C) representing a batch of m images
    pad -- integer, amount of padding around each image on vertical and horizontal dimensions
    
    Returns:
    X_pad -- padded image of shape (m, n_H + 2*pad, n_W + 2*pad, n_C)
    """
    
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line)
    # X_pad: (m, n_H + 2*pad, n_W + 2*pad, n_C)
    X_pad = np.pad(X, ((0, 0), (pad, pad), (pad, pad), (0, 0)), 'constant', constant_values=0)
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    return X_pad

测试：

np.random.seed(1)
x = np.random.randn(4, 3, 3, 2)
x_pad = zero_pad(x, 2)
print ("x.shape =", x.shape)
print ("x_pad.shape =", x_pad.shape)
print ("x[1,1] =", x[1,1])
print ("x_pad[1,1] =", x_pad[1,1])

fig, axarr = plt.subplots(1, 2)
axarr[0].set_title('x')
axarr[0].imshow(x[0,:,:,0])
axarr[1].set_title('x_pad')
axarr[1].imshow(x_pad[0,:,:,0])

输出：
x.shape = (4, 3, 3, 2)
x_pad.shape = (4, 7, 7, 2)
x[1,1] = [[ 0.90085595 -0.68372786]
[-0.12289023 -0.93576943]
[-0.26788808 0.53035547]]
x_pad[1,1] = [[0. 0.]
[0. 0.]
[0. 0.]
[0. 0.]
[0. 0.]
[0. 0.]
[0. 0.]]

3.2 Single step of convolution

在这一部分中，实现一个卷积的步骤，在该步骤中，将过滤器应用到输入的单个位置中。这将构建卷积单元：

• 需要一个输入volume

• 将滤波器应用到输入的每个位置