Java基础系列：多线程的同步和异步

1 场景

多线程有两种应用场景：纯异步场景，与“同步”场景。
其中，

• 纯异步场景
  即线程A顺序执行的程序中，添加了线程B处理某个任务，线程A优先返回结果，让调用者可以快速拿到结果，不至于线程A耗时过长而出现阻塞，线程B在返回结果后继续执行任务（可能会出现执行失败，而无法直接告知调用者，需要引入补偿机制），不影响结果的返回，即异步处理。
• “同步”场景
  即线程执行的任务具有返回值，并且需要拿到当前的返回值继续进行执行，使用Future作为返回的类型，此时，多线程的异步已经不是异步执行，而是“同步”执行，因为需要等待线程执行的结果。

2 Test

2.1 同步

package thread;

import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

import static common.constant.DigitalConstant.*;

/**
 * ThreadPoolExecutor测试.
 *
 * @author xindaqi
 * @date 2021-04-28 17:58
 */
public class ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne {

    private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne");

    /**
     * 有返回值测试.
     *
     * @return
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    private static String testWithReturn() throws InterruptedException {
        logger.info("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        Thread.sleep(FIVE*THOUSAND_L);
        return Thread.currentThread().getName();
    }

    /**
     * 无返回值测试.
     *
     * @return
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    private static String testWithoutReturn() throws InterruptedException {
        logger.info("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        Thread.sleep(FIVE*THOUSAND_L);
        return Thread.currentThread().getName();
    }

    public static void AsynchronizedTest(ExecutorService executorService, Integer flag) {
        switch(flag) {
            case ONE:
                try {
                    Future<String> future = executorService.submit(() -> testWithReturn());
                    logger.info("Future content:" + future.get());
                    logger.info("我有返回值，是同步");
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                } finally {
                    executorService.shutdown();
                    break;
                }
            case TWO:
                try {
                    executorService.submit(() -> testWithoutReturn());
                    logger.info("我没有返回值，是异步");
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                } finally {
                    executorService.shutdown();
                    break;
                }
            default:
                logger.info("不匹配");
        }

    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService threadPoolExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
                THREE,
                FIVE,
                THOUSAND_L,
                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(TWO),
                Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),
                new ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy());
        AsynchronizedTest(threadPoolExecutor, ONE);
    }

}

• 结果
  四月 28, 2021 6:56:23 下午 thread.ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne testWithReturn
  信息: 当前线程：pool-1-thread-1
  四月 28, 2021 6:56:28 下午 thread.ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne AsynchronizedTest
  信息: Future content:pool-1-thread-1
  四月 28, 2021 6:56:28 下午 thread.ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne AsynchronizedTest
  信息: 我有返回值，是同步
• 分析
  由运行结果可知，使用Future获取线程执行结果，是顺序执行，同步而非异步。

2.2 异步

package thread;

import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

import static common.constant.DigitalConstant.*;

/**
 * ThreadPoolExecutor测试.
 *
 * @author xindaqi
 * @date 2021-04-28 17:58
 */
public class ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne {

    private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne");

    /**
     * 有返回值测试.
     *
     * @return
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    private static String testWithReturn() throws InterruptedException {
        logger.info("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        Thread.sleep(FIVE*THOUSAND_L);
        return Thread.currentThread().getName();
    }

    /**
     * 无返回值测试.
     *
     * @return
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    private static String testWithoutReturn() throws InterruptedException {
        logger.info("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        Thread.sleep(FIVE*THOUSAND_L);
        return Thread.currentThread().getName();
    }

    public static void AsynchronizedTest(ExecutorService executorService, Integer flag) {
        switch(flag) {
            case ONE:
                try {
                    Future<String> future = executorService.submit(() -> testWithReturn());
                    logger.info("Future content:" + future.get());
                    logger.info("我有返回值，是同步");
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                } finally {
                    executorService.shutdown();
                    break;
                }
            case TWO:
                try {
                    executorService.submit(() -> testWithoutReturn());
                    logger.info("我没有返回值，是异步");
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                } finally {
                    executorService.shutdown();
                    break;
                }
            default:
                logger.info("不匹配");
        }

    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService threadPoolExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
                THREE,
                FIVE,
                THOUSAND_L,
                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(TWO),
                Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),
                new ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy());
        AsynchronizedTest(threadPoolExecutor, TWO);

    }

}

• 结果
  四月 28, 2021 6:52:59 下午 thread.ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne AsynchronizedTest
  信息: 我没有返回值，是异步
  四月 28, 2021 6:52:59 下午 thread.ThreadPoolExecutorTestOne testWithoutReturn
  信息: 当前线程：pool-1-thread-1
• 分析
  由运行结果可知，线程执行结果，是异步，先执行第二个结果： 我没有返回值，是异步，然后异步执行线程中的另一个任务。

---