Machine vision 机器视觉 学习笔记(3) Image Acquisition

Machine Vision System Intro

A machine vision system comprises of all necessary elements to obtain a digital representation of a visual image, to modify the data and to present the digital image data to external world.

Three main functional components:

Image acquisition /Processing /Output or display

Industrial Manufacturing Cell with Vision System:

Task: the vision system observes the object, determines if it is within specification, and generates command signals accordingly.

Image acquisition system: lights, camera and frame grabber.

Processing equipment 

Output equipment 

Control action

Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) for statistical analysis and inventory control

 Processing equipment: hardware and software in the vision processing unit.

Output equipment: electronic interfacing the system to various parts of the process.

Control action: electronic signals control the unit, taking objects off the assembly line, and placing them in accept or reject containers, according to the quality.

Data is transmitted to the CIM system for statistical analysis and inventory control. When something goes wrong, an alarm will be actuated.

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 处理设备：视觉处理单元中的硬件和软件。

输出设备：将系统与流程的各个部分进行电子接口。

控制动作：电子信号控制单元，将物体从装配线上取下，并根据质量将其置于接受或拒绝容器中。

数据被传输到CIM系统，用于统计分析和库存控制。当出错时，将启动警报。

Image Acquisition图像采集

The process to transform visual image of a physical object and its intrinsic characteristics into a set of digitized data which can be used by the processing unit of the system.

Lights (Illumination) /Camera /Frame Grabber

Four phases:

1. Illumination 2. Image formation or focusing 3. Image detection or sensing 4. Formatting camera output signal

Frame Grabber

An electronic device that captures individual, digital still frames from an analog video signal or a digital video stream.

In a typical machine/computer vision system, the frame grabber also displays, stores or transmits the captured video frame in raw or compressed digital form.

Illumination

Refers to the science of the application of lighting.

         sources of lighting  design of lighting systems

Aims to produce an effective environment for camera to see in the context of machine vision.

Front Lighting 

Front lighting employs light reflected from the object. The illumination source and the camera are both on the same side of the object. It is useful to obtain surface texture of features as well as dimensioning.#特征的表面纹理以及尺寸

 

#光反射和漫反射，高中物理

 

 Back Lighting

Create a silhouette of the object

Often used to locate parts moving on a conveyer belt

Ideal to detect foreign material and fracture in transparent objects

 

Produces high contrast images, minimizes processing tasks and reduces the sensitivity of the system to illumination source variation.Cannot be employed to obtain information on surface characteristics, or features not visible in silhouette like the presence of bolts in blind hole, and objects located on top of each other.

Structured Light

Structured light is the use of the illumination of the object with a special pattern or grid. The intersection of the object and the projected illumination results in a unique pattern depending on the shape and dimensions of the object

A 3-D feature is converted to a 2-D image. Vertical and horizontal distances, as well as the shape of the surface features, can be measured.

Lighting angle and light structure (regular stripes, grids) depend on the application

#具体例子：Automated Inspection using Structured Light Scanning: http