高数习题8.3

1. 应用格林公式计算下列曲线积分：
   (1) ${\oint }_{L^{+}}(x{y}^2+y^3)dy-(x^3+x^{2}y)dx$，其中L为圆周：$x^2+y^2=a^2$;
   (2) ${\oint }_{L^{+}}{y}^{2}dx+x^{2}dy$，其中$L^{+}$为以$O(0,0),B(1,0),C(0,1)$为顶点的三角形OBC的正向边界线;
   (3) ${\oint }_{L^{+}}\sqrt{x^2+y^2}dx+y[xy+ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+y^2})]dy$，其中L是以点$A(1,1),B(2,2),C(1,3)$为顶点的三角形的正向边界线;
   (4) ${\oint }_{L^{+}}(x+e^{x}siny)dx+(x+e^{x}cosy)dy$，其中L是双纽线$r^2=cos2\theta$的右半支;
   (5) ${\oint }_{L^{+}}(e^{x}siny+sinx-8y)dx+(e^{x}cosy-siny)dy$，其中L为上半圆$0\le y\le \sqrt{ax-x^2}(0\le x\le a)的边界$.
   解：
   (1)
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_{L^{+}}(x{y}^2+y^3)dy-(x^3+x^{2}y)dx& ={\iint }_S{x}^2+y^{2}dxdy\\ & ={\int }_0^{2\pi }d\theta {\int }_0^a{r}^{2}rdr\\ & =2\pi \frac{a^4}{4}\\ & =\frac{a^4\pi }{2}\end{array}$
   (2)
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_{L^{+}}{y}^{2}dx+x^{2}dy& ={\iint }_{S}2x-2ydxdy\\ & ={\int }_0^{1}dx{\int }_0^{1-x}2x-2ydy\\ & ={\int }_0^1(-3x^2+4x-1)dx\\ & =0\end{array}$
   (3)
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_{L^{+}}\sqrt{x^2+y^2}dx+y[xy+ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+y^2})]dy& ={\iint }_S{y}^2+\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}dxdy\\ & ={\iint }_S{y}^{2}dxdy\\ & ={\int }_1^{2}dx{\int }_x^{4-x}{y}^{2}dy\\ & ={\int }_1^2\frac{-2x^3+12x^2-48x+64}{3}dx\\ & ={\frac{-\frac{x^4}{2}+4x^3-24x^2+64x}{3}|}_1^2\\ & =\frac{25}{6}\end{array}$
   (4)
   画图：
   
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_{L^{+}}(x+e^{x}siny)dx+(x+e^{x}cosy)dy& ={\iint }_{S}1+e^{x}cosy-e^{x}cosydxdy\\ & ={\iint }_{S}dxdy\\ & ={\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{4}}^{\frac{\pi }{4}}d\theta {\int }_0^{\sqrt{cos2\theta }}rdr\\ & ={\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{4}}^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\frac{cos2\theta }{2}d\theta \\ & ={\frac{sin2\theta }{4}|}_{-\frac{\pi }{4}}^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\end{array}$
   (5)
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_{L^{+}}(e^{x}siny+sinx-8y)dx+(e^{x}cosy-siny)dy& ={\iint }_S{e}^{x}cosy-e^{x}cosy+8dxdy\\ & =8{\iint }_{S}dxdy\\ & =8{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}d\theta {\int }_0^{acos\theta }rdr\\ & =4{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{a}^{2}co{s}^2\theta d\theta \\ & =4a^2{\frac{sin2\theta +2\theta }{4}|}_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\\ & =a^2\pi \end{array}$
2. 利用曲线积分计算下列闭曲线所围图形的面积：
   (1) 星形线$x=aco{s}^{3}t,y=asi{n}^{3}t(a>0,0\le t\le 2\pi )$,
   (2) 心脏线$\{\begin{array}{l}x=a(1-cost)cost,\\ y=a(1-cost)sint,\end{array}0\le t\le 2\pi .$
   解：
   (1) 记星形线为L，则：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\iint }_{S}dxdy& ={\oint }_{L^{+}}xdy\\ & ={\int }_0^{2\pi }aco{s}^{3}t\cdot 3acostsi{n}^{2}tdt\\ & =\frac{3a^2}{8}{\int }_0^{2\pi }si{n}^{2}2t(cos2t+1)dt\\ & =\frac{3a^2}{8}{(\frac{si{n}^{3}2t}{3}+\frac{\theta }{2}-\frac{sin4t}{8})|}_0^{2\pi }\\ & =\frac{3a^2\pi }{8}\end{array}$
   (2) 记心脏线为L，则：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\iint }_{S}dxdy& =\frac{1}{2}{\oint }_{L^{+}}xdy-ydx\\ & =\frac{1}{2}{\int }_0^{2\pi }a(1-cost)cost\cdot a[si{n}^{2}t+(a-cost)cost]-a(1-cost)sint\cdot a[sintcost-(1-cost)sint]dt\\ & =\frac{a^2}{2}{\int }_0^{2\pi }co{s}^{2}t-2cost+1dt\\ & =\frac{a^2}{2}{(\frac{3t}{2}-2sint+\frac{sin2t}{4})|}_0^{2\pi }\\ & =\frac{3a^2\pi }{2}\end{array}$
3. 证明${\oint }_{L^{+}}f(xy)(ydx+xdy)=0$，其中$f(u)$有连续的一阶导数，L为光滑曲线.
   证明：$f(xy)(ydx+xdy)=f(xy)d(xy)$为全微分，因此它的曲线积分与路径无关，由于L的起点与终点重合，所以${\oint }_{L^{+}}f(xy)(ydx+xdy)=0$.
4. 证明下列曲线积分与路径无关，并求积分值：
   (1) ${\int }_{(0,0)}^{(1,1)}(x+y)dx+(x-y)dy$;
   (2) ${\int }_{(a_1,b_1)}^{(a_2,b_2)}xy(1+y)dx+x^2(\frac{1}{2}+y)dy$;
   (3) ${\int }_{(0,0)}^{(a,b)}{e}^{x}cosydx-e^{x}sinydy$.
   解：
   (1)
   因为$\frac{\partial (x-y)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (x+y)}{\partial y}=0$，所以该曲线积分与路径无关.
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (x+y)dx+\phi (y)=\frac{x^2}{2}+xy+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (x-y)-\frac{\partial (\frac{x^2}{2}+xy)}{\partial y}dy=-\frac{y^2}{2}+C \\ u(x,y)=\frac{x^2}{2}+xy-\frac{y^2}{2}+C \end{gathered}$$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_{(0,0)}^{(1,1)}(x+y)dx+(x-y)dy& ={\int }_{(0,0)}^{(1,1)}d(\frac{x^2}{2}+xy-\frac{y^2}{2})\\ & =1\end{array}$
   (2)
   因为$\frac{\partial (x^2(\frac{1}{2}+y))}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (xy(1+y))}{\partial y}=x+2xy-(x+2xy)=0$，所以该曲线积分与路径无关.
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int xy(1+y)dx+\phi (y)=\frac{x^{2}y(1+y)}{2}+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int x^2(\frac{1}{2}+y)-\frac{\partial (\frac{x^{2}y(1+y)}{2})}{\partial y}dy=C \\ u(x,y)=\frac{x^{2}y+x^2{y}^2}{2}+C \end{gathered}$$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_{(a_1,b_1)}^{(a_2,b_2)}xy(1+y)dx+x^2(\frac{1}{2}+y)dy& ={\int }_{(a_1,b_1)}^{(a_2,b_2)}d(\frac{x^{2}y+x^2{y}^2}{2})\\ & =\frac{a_2^2{b}_2+a_2^2{b}_2^2-(a_1^2{b}_1+a_1^2{b}_1^2)}{2}\end{array}$
   (3)
   因为$\frac{\partial (-e^{x}siny))}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (e^{x}cosy)}{\partial y}=-e^{x}siny+e^{x}siny=0$，所以该曲线积分与路径无关.
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int e^{x}cosydx+\phi (y)=e^{x}cosy+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int -e^{x}siny-\frac{\partial (e^{x}cosy)}{\partial y}dy=C \\ u(x,y)=e^{x}cosy+C \end{gathered}$$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_{(0,0)}^{(a,b)}{e}^{x}cosydx-e^{x}sinydy& ={\int }_{(0,0)}^{(a,b)}d(e^{x}cosy)\\ & =e^{a}cosb-1\end{array}$
5. 求${\int }_{\overgroup{AB}}(x^4+4x{y}^3)dx+(6x^2{y}^2-5y^4)dy$的值，其中$A(-2,-1),B(3,0),\overgroup{AB}$为任意的路径.
   解：
   因为$\frac{\partial (6x^2{y}^2-5y^4)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (x^4+4x{y}^3)}{\partial y}=12x{y}^2-12x{y}^2=0$，所以该曲线积分与路径无关.
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int x^4+4x{y}^{3}dx+\phi (y)=\frac{x^5}{5}+2x^2{y}^3+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int 6x^2{y}^2-5y^4-\frac{\partial (\frac{x^5}{5}+2x^2{y}^3)}{\partial y}dy=-y^5+C \\ u(x,y)=\frac{x^5}{5}+2x^2{y}^3-y^5+C \end{gathered}$$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_{\overgroup{AB}}(x^4+4x{y}^3)dx+(6x^2{y}^2-5y^4)dy& ={\int }_{(-2,-1)}^{(3,0)}d(\frac{x^5}{5}+2x^2{y}^3-y^5)\\ & =62\end{array}$
6. 求满足下列等式的函数$u(x,y)$：
   (1) $du=(x^2+2xy-y^2)dx+(x^2-2xy-y^2)dy;$
   (2) $du=(2xcosy-y^{2}sinx)dx+(2ycosx-x^{2}siny)dy.$
   解：
   (1)
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (x^2+2xy-y^2)dx+\phi (y)=\frac{x^3}{3}+x^{2}y-x{y}^2+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (x^2-2xy-y^2)-\frac{\partial (\frac{x^3}{3}+x^{2}y-x{y}^2)}{\partial y}dy=-\frac{y^3}{3}+C \\ u(x,y)=\frac{x^3}{3}+x^{2}y-x{y}^2-\frac{y^3}{3}+C \end{gathered}$$
   (2)
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (2xcosy-y^{2}sinx)dx+\phi (y)=x^{2}cosy+y^{2}cosx+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (2ycosx-x^{2}siny)-\frac{\partial (x^{2}cosy+y^{2}cosx)}{\partial y}dy=C \\ u(x,y)=x^{2}cosy+y^{2}cosx+C \end{gathered}$$
7. 求常数a,b，使$\frac{(y^2+2xy+a{x}^2)dx-(x^2+2xy+b{y}^2)dy}{(x^2+y^2{)}^2}$是某个函数$u(x,y)$的全微分，并求$u(x,y)$.
   解：
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{\partial (-\frac{x^2+2xy+b{y}^2}{(x^2+y^2{)}^2})}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (\frac{y^2+2xy+a{x}^2}{(x^2+y^2{)}^2})}{\partial y}& =0\\ \frac{(2x+2y)(x^2+y^2{)}^2-4x(x^2+y^2)(x^2+2xy+b{y}^2)}{(x^2+y^2{)}^4}+\frac{(2x+2y)(x^2+y^2{)}^2-4y(x^2+y^2)(y^2+2xy+a{x}^2)}{(x^2+y^2{)}^4}& =0\\ (1+a)x^{2}y+(1+b)x{y}^2& =0\end{array}$
   所以：$a=-1,b=-1$，原积分为$\frac{(y^2+2xy-x^2)dx-(x^2+2xy-y^2)dy}{(x^2+y^2{)}^2}$.
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int \frac{y^2+2xy-x^2}{(x^2+y^2{)}^2}dx+\phi (y)=\frac{x-y}{x^2+y^2}+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int -\frac{x^2+2xy-y^2}{(x^2+y^2{)}^2}-\frac{\partial \frac{x-y}{x^2+y^2}}{\partial y}dy=C \\ u(x,y)=\frac{x-y}{x^2+y^2}+C \end{gathered}$$
8. 求${\int }_{(0,1)}^{(1,1)}(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+y)dx+(\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+x)dy$.
   解：因为$\frac{\partial (\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+x)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+y)}{\partial y}=-xy(x^2+y^2{)}^{-\frac{2}{3}}+xy(x^2+y^2{)}^{-\frac{2}{3}}=0$，所以该曲线积分与路径无关.
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+y)dx+\phi (y)=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}+xy+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+x)-\frac{\partial (\sqrt{x^2+y^2}+xy)}{\partial y}dy=C \\ u(x,y)=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}+xy+C \end{gathered}$$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_{(0,1)}^{(1,1)}(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+y)dx+(\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+x)dy& ={\int }_{(0,1)}^{(1,1)}d(\sqrt{x^2+y^2}+xy)\\ & =\sqrt{2}\end{array}$
9. 求${\int }_{\overgroup{AB}}(x^2+y)dx+(x-y^2)dy$，其中$\overgroup{AB}$是由$A(0,0)$至$B(1,1)$的曲线段$y^3=x^2$.
   解：因为$\frac{\partial (x-y^2)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (x^2+y)}{\partial y}=0$，所以该曲线积分与路径无关.
   $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int x^2+ydx+\phi (y)=\frac{x^3}{3}+xy+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int x-y^2-\frac{\partial (\frac{x^3}{3}+xy)}{\partial y}dy=-\frac{y^3}{3}+C \\ u(x,y)=\frac{x^3}{3}+xy-\frac{y^3}{3}+C \end{gathered}$$
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_{\overgroup{AB}}(x^2+y)dx+(x-y^2)dy& ={\int }_{(0,0)}^{(1,1)}d(\frac{x^3}{3}+xy-\frac{y^3}{3})\\ & =1\end{array}$
10. 设D是平面有界闭区域，其边界线逐段光滑，函数$P(x,y),Q(x,y)$在D上有连续的一阶偏导数.证明：${\oint }_{L_{+}}[Pcos(n,x)+Qcos(n,x)]ds={\iint }_D(\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial Q}{\partial y})d\sigma$，其中$cos(n,x),cos(n,y)$为曲线L的外法向量的方向余弦.
    证明：${\oint }_{L_{+}}[Pcos(n,x)+Qcos(n,x)]ds={\oint }_{L_{+}}Pdy-Qdx={\iint }_D(\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial Q}{\partial y})d\sigma$
11. 求曲线积分${\oint }_{L^{+}}[xcos<\mathbf{n},\mathbf{i}>+ycos<\mathbf{n},\mathbf{j}>]ds$其中L为一封闭曲线，$\mathbf{n}$为L的外法线方向的单位向量.
    解：设L所围区域为D，则${\oint }_{L^{+}}[xcos<\mathbf{n},\mathbf{i}>+ycos<\mathbf{n},\mathbf{j}>]ds={\oint }_{L^{+}}xdy-ydx={\iint }_{D}2d\sigma =两倍D的面积$
12. 设函数$u(x,y),v(x,y)$在有界闭区域D上有连续的二阶偏导数，L为D的边界，分段光滑.证明：
    (1) ${\iint }_{D}v\Delta ud\sigma ={\oint }_{L^{+}}v\frac{\partial u}{\partial \mathbf{n}}ds-{\iint }_D(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial y})d\sigma$，其中$\frac{\partial u}{\partial \mathbf{n}}$为u沿L的外法线方向的方向导数;
    (2) ${\iint }_D(u\Delta v-v\Delta u)d\sigma ={\oint }_{L^{+}}(u\frac{\partial v}{\partial \mathbf{n}}-v\frac{\partial u}{\partial \mathbf{n}})ds.$
    证明：
    (1)
    $\begin{array}{rl}{\iint }_{D}v\Delta ud\sigma +{\iint }_D(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial y})d\sigma & ={\iint }_D(v\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial x^2}+v\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial y})d\sigma \\ & ={\iint }_D(\frac{\partial }{\partial x}(v\frac{\partial u}{\partial x})+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}(v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}))d\sigma \\ & ={\oint }_{L^{+}}v\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dy-v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}dx\\ & ={\oint }_{L^{+}}v\frac{\partial u}{\partial \mathbf{n}}ds\end{array}$
    得证.
    (2) 由(1)得：
    $\begin{array}{rl}{\iint }_D(u\Delta v-v\Delta u)d\sigma & =[{\iint }_{D}u\Delta vd\sigma +{\iint }_D(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial y})d\sigma ]-[{\iint }_{D}u\Delta vd\sigma +{\iint }_D(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial y})d\sigma ]\\ & ={\oint }_{L^{+}}u\frac{\partial v}{\partial \mathbf{n}}ds-{\oint }_{L^{+}}v\frac{\partial u}{\partial \mathbf{n}}ds\\ & ={\oint }_{L^{+}}(u\frac{\partial v}{\partial \mathbf{n}}-v\frac{\partial u}{\partial \mathbf{n}})ds\end{array}$
    得证.
13. 设$u(x,y)$是有界闭区域D上的调和函数，即$u(x,y)$有连续的二阶偏导数，且满足$\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial y^2}=0.$证明：
    (1) ${\oint }_{L^{+}}u\frac{\partial u}{\partial \mathbf{n}}ds={\iint }_D[(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}{)}^2+(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}{)}^2]d\sigma$，其中L为D的边界，$\mathbf{n}$为L的外法线方向；
    (2) 若$u(x,y)$在L上处处为零，则$u(x,y)$在D上也恒为零.
    证明：
    (1)
    $\begin{array}{rl}{\oint }_{L^{+}}u\frac{\partial u}{\partial \mathbf{n}}ds& ={\oint }_{L^{+}}u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dy-u\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}dx\\ & ={\iint }_D(\frac{\partial }{\partial x}(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x})+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}))d\sigma \\ & ={\iint }_D(u\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial x^2}+u\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial u}{\partial y})d\sigma \\ & ={\iint }_D[(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}{)}^2+(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}{)}^2]d\sigma \end{array}$
    得证.
    (2) 由(1)得出${\iint }_D[(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}{)}^2+(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}{)}^2]d\sigma =0$而且$(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}{)}^2+(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}{)}^2$在D上为非负连续函数，所以$\frac{\partial u}{\partial x},\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}$在D上恒为0，所以$u(x,y)$在D上恒为零.