LINUX basics (Youtube)

I learned this on the Youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UpIXY-g5Lk&list=PLT98CRl2KxKHaKA9-4_I38sLzK134p4GJ&index=8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBDmIhSWfnM&list=PLIQIswOrUH6992C4FDDCNCIaK4R2FIOCB

1 cd

change directory

cd ..

to the last dir

cd ~/

back to the home dir

2 ls   ls -l

show the list of directory or ... in the current folder

3 pwd

current dir

4 man    --help

menu for the cmd, ask for help, and enter 'q' for quit

cmd --help

5 touch

create a file

touch [option] file_name(s)

6 nano

^ MEANS ctrl

to create and  write or edit the txt file

more guide info. here:

https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/42980/the-beginners-guide-to-nano-the-linux-command-line-text-editor/

cmd 'nano test\ file'

the name

7 mkdir  rm mv cp

to remove a non-empty dir, should use ' rm -r '

to copy a non-empty dir, should use 'cp -r'

8 root sudo

9 cat

(1) show the content of the file

jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> nano animals
jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> nano people
jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> ls
animals  people
jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> cat animals
panda
turtlle
cat
dog
deer
jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> cat people
Dawn
Charlotte
Lily
Miao
Brandon
jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> cat animals people
panda
turtlle
cat
dog
deer
Dawn
Charlotte
Lily
Miao
Brandon

(2) to combine 2 file

jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> cat animals people >newf
jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> ls
animals  newf  people
jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> cat newf
panda
turtlle
cat
dog
deer
Dawn
Charlotte
Lily
Miao
Brandon

(3) cmd > is to overwrite, is as the cmd -w in matlab fprintf

(4) cmd >> , as the cmd  -a in matlab frprintf

jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> cat people >> newf
jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~/Documents> cat newf
panda
turtlle
cat
dog
deer
Dawn
Charlotte
Lily
Miao
Brandon
Dawn
Charlotte
Lily
Miao
Brandon

10 top

to monitor the process in cpu

press cmd s, is to change the second of refreshing

press cmd i, is to only show the current process

press cmd k, an enter the pid of the running program, then, close the program (means kill signal)

press cmd f, choose which to show on the command window

11  killing program

(1) top k

(2) kill

fist to know the pid of the program, enter cmd 'pidof' and the full name of the program

and then it will show you the pid code of the running proc

and then enter 'kill' and the code

(3) kill -KILL

also, could only enter 'kill -KILL' and the code

(4) ps -ux

to find the name of process that you proc before

(5) ps -aux

to see the runniing programe under the usr

(6) ps -U usrname

to show some usrs' proc

and also to read the pid of each process

(7) ps -c processname

to kill the programe, and see the details of the specific the process

12  usr

(1) create usr

sudo useradd usrname -m -s /bin/bash -g users -G groupname

-m create the home dir for the usr

-s /bin/bash default bash to login in to

-g small group

-G groupname to input the usr into some groups

enter cmd 'ls /home', could see the new dir for the new usr

(2) set the password

sudo passwd usrname

(3)remove a usr

sudo userdel -r usrname

sudo rm -r /home/usrname

13 permission

(1) reading permissions

ls -l

r read

w write

x execute it as a programes

(2) changing permissions

chmod

chmod +options filename

chmod 777 file name

first 7 for user, second 7 for group, last 7 for other

read 4, write 2, execute 1

so it is 7 in total

chown

change the group of files

the syntax is the same as the chmod

14 echo and create variables

create the string into a variable

mind: no spacebar

jieyin@jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~$ ww="hello u"
jieyin@jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~$ echo ww
ww
jieyin@jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~$ echo $ww
hello u

15 find

(1)

to find the file in the dir

or only cd to ~

and then cmd 'find filename'

and it will start to find the file

(2)

cmd 'find /foldername -name partofthename*'

(3)

sudo find / -name filename

to find from the original file

(4)

to find the file updated in 1 day, or several days

find /foldername -mtime -1

- +

16 creating scripts

nano fileanme

and then enter '#! /bin/bash'

and then write some cmd

use chmod to change the permission

if you need to execute this file

should cmd './filename'

17 alias

define a brief cmd for a cmd

a way to create one's own cmd

delete the alias, use the cmd 'unalias'

jieyin@jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~$ alias ww='echo uu'
jieyin@jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~$ ww
uu

just type 'alias', it will show you all the defined alias

jieyin@jieyin-HP-Pavilion-14-Notebook-PC:~$ alias
alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"'
alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias l='ls -CF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias ll='ls --color -l'
alias ls='ls --color'
alias ww='echo uu'

18 .bashrc file

19 changjing passwd

cd to the home dir

and cmd 'passwd'

20 which

where the cmd locates

cmd 'which cmd'

21 whatis

show what the cmd means

cmd 'whatis cmd'

22 viewing resource

(1) df    df -h

to read the info. of the file in the file system

df -h is for human to read

(2) du  du -h  du -s

show how much space was used

du -s for the summary

(3) free   free -m   free -h

to see the free storage

mind the buffer/cache

23 clear

same as that cmd in matlab

24 watch

to show the output repeatedly..

cmd 'watch cmd'

to quit 'ctrl c'

cmd 'watch -n second cmd'

to change the refresh second

'watch df -h' could see the progress of the downloading, logging or ram or storage

25 handle the file names and the folder names

 nano  mkdir

nano test\ file

nano test file

the first one is to create one file, the second one is to create 2 files

26 tab

to fullfill the whole file name

27 file

cmd 'file filename'

to show you what type is the file

28 sudo apt-get install packagename

29 apt-get

(1) sudo apt-get install programname

(2) sudo apt-get --purge programname

to remove a package

30 cowsay "the word you wanna show"

31 head

to show the top 10 lines of the file in the window

'head -n2' to show the only 2 line of the file

32  tail -f

look at the changing files

33

(1)

ls /home/jieyin > optseq2

ls /home/jieyin 1> optseq2

to write the dirname of /home/jieyin onto the optseq2

(2)

ls /home/jieyin 2> optseq2
to clear the file optseq2

(3)

echo "text some words"  1> filename

to add new content to the file

(4)

echo "add more things into" 1>> filename

remember that >> is not to overwrite