pile

Classification piles

these can be *displacement pile(排土桩)* or non-displacement pile(非排土桩)*;
displacement piles:
driven cast in place–Circular Hollow sections piles(CHS) 沉管灌注桩
continuous helical replacement(CHR) 连续螺旋置换桩
screw piles 螺杆灌注桩
driven pre-formed piles–stell, timber, precast concrete 驱动预制桩
non-displacement piles:
bored cast situ concrete piles eg. CFA, RAB 钻孔现浇混凝土桩

Non-displacement piles

Continuous Flight Auger piles(CFA)

stage:
drlling(钻井)—>the design depth is reached(达到设计深度)—>auger withdrawal and simultaneous concrete injection(取钻同时注入混凝土)—>concrete injection up to borehole mouth(向井口注入混凝土)—>reinforcement cage positioning(钢筋定位)

CFA piles:merits and demerits(优缺点）
merits:

• low vabration; less noisy;
• cheaper and faster than rotary bored piles:

demerits:

• more expensive and slower than driven piles:
• lots of mucks to dispose offsite-costs: concrete supply and placing
  add to cost:

CFA-risk(风险）

• prone to topping over so need a deep(expensive) piling mat;
• heavy clods of soil can fall from the auger-dangerous:
• exposed contaminated soil:
• concrete pump falling:
• burst concrete hoses/blockages:

Rotary Auger Bored piles(RAB)

stage:
excavation with bore supported by means of temporary pile casing(采用临时支撑的钻井开挖）—>reinforcement inserted(插入钢筋）—>concreting and removal of temporary pile casing(混凝土施工并拆除临时桩身）—>complete pile(完成)

RAB merits and demerits(优缺点)
merits:

• very large diameters, 2m or eveb more:
• capable of driling through hard rock:
• able to resist huge loads
• capable of very deep piles

demerits:

• very slow and expensive:
• claims and delays are common:
• lots of muck to dispose, contaminated soil:
• resource intensive-plant(因为需要挖掘机大型工具，森林啥的它进不去啊）:
• environmentally dirty

RAB risk(风险）

• heavy clods of soil can fly off the auger-dangerous:
• exposed contaminated soil:
• massive rigs prone to topping:
• exposed holes to fall into:
• wet concrete:
• heavy overhead loads:

Displacement piles

Driven In-Place piles

CHS piles

heavy stell casing with a closed end plug driven into the ground:
reinforcing bars dropped in:
casing filled with concrete:
casing extracted with consumable plug left in the ground:

CHS merits and demerits(优缺点)
merits:

• often cheaper than bored and can be cheaper than precast;
• large capacities and sizes;
• no spoil arisings;
• driven to set not just relying on geotechnical data;
• small rigs for restricted access piling;

demerits:

• noisy
• big heavy rigs;
• durability of ufilled pipe
• can be time consuming

CHS risk(风险）

• rigs can be quite large;

• heavy overhead weights

• wet concrete=inhalation,cement burns etc;

Mini piles

crimped(波纹状的), permanent(永久的), thin,steel casing driven intothe ground with an internal drop harmmer;
reinforcing bars dropped in;
casing filled concrete to for a cased concrete pile;

mini piles merits and demerits(优缺点)
merits:

• restricted access piling in very tight spots;
• no spoils arisings;
• driven to set just relying on geotechnical data;

demerits:

• limited capacity;
• slow and expensive;

Driven Preformed piles

H piles

introduce:
similar to CHS piles-steel is structural element, driven into the ground by top drive hammers;
however, they tend to be drive in one length with much bigger rigs;
this system is favoured for public works such as highway structure;

H pile merits and demerits(优缺点）
merits:

• can accommodate large horizontal forces;
• every pile is calibrated by driving to set and hence less risky and
  low FoS are applicable;
• no spoil, very fast;
• very strong section that can bash a way through most obstructions;

demerits:

• H piles very expensive;
• must be in one long section or welded;
• big rigs suffer high levels of noisy and vibration;

precast concrete piles

TPL uses 20t midi rigs with short segmental piles jointed together by simple spigot
driven with a top drive 2t hydraulic hammer
full size 40t rigs and longer segments available
（这一段没看懂说的啥）

Driven Precast concrete pile merits and demerits(优缺点)
merits:

• the cheapest system;
• fast in install;
• can be built in the same day;
• works in restricted access;
• no spoil;
• environmentally friendly;
• self-proving by driving to a set

demerits:

• perceived lots of noise and vibration but generally only a minor
  nuisance with on justified concerns(only true for the smaller
  rigs/hammers)(这是个人滤镜嘛？）
• pile break on obstructions;
• very limited horizontal capacity

Timber piles

Timber piles are the oldest system;
used for lightweight buildings in Europe but in the UK only for beach protection works-groynes;
driven by top drive hammers, but as above vibration work best in soft soils;

Continous Helical Displacement piles(CHD/CHR)

stage
hard helical bullet drilled into the ground(坚硬的螺旋钻头钻入地面)–>high slump(very runny) concrete pumped through the stem(非常稀的混凝土通过阀杆泵入)–>auger screwed out leaving soil in place(螺杆旋出)–>reinforcing bars pushed in(钢筋推入);

CHD merits and demerits(优缺点)
merits:

• minimal spoil
• quieter than driven
• shorter piles than CFA

demrits:

• more expensive and slower;
• require powerful rigs which are noisy;
• concrete pump and mixer lorries(搅拌卡车) together with a piling rig;
• generally limited to 13-15m deep but possible to go to about 22m with
  segmental augers

Screw piles

steel tube with flights screwed into the ground with a cap on top to form a permanent pile(钢管和螺纹旋入地面，形成一个永久的桩)

Screw piles merits and demerits(优缺点)
merits:

• minimal spoil
• minimal vibration;
• restricted access(可以去不方便去的地方）;
• very cheap for small jobs;
• minimal investment as a rotary head fitted to a normal mini
  excavator;
• quieter than driven;
• generally safe;

demerits:

• often more expensive and slower tha precast and CHS;
• dubious expertise of installers–design capacity often exaggerated;

Piles for Earth Retaining Structures

It is often necessary to retain earth or water; can be preformed or non-displacement

• preformed piles–sheet piles; king post piles;
• bored piles;
  continuous or contiguous bored pile wall;

the risks are basically the same as the similar bearing pile
挡土墙（retaining wall)是指支承路基填土或山坡土体、防止填土或土体变形失稳的构造物。

sheet piling

板桩，防护桩的一种，其形状长而扁，可用于低边坡、基坑等的防护。一般采用强夯的办法打入;

introduce

• sheet piles are probably the most commom type of earth retaining
  structure
• they consist of steel sheets bent into a complicated curve shape to
  resist horizontal forces and clip together with clutches to form a
  curtain wall
• lighter walls tend to be driven with vibrators mounted on excavators
  and heavy walls for deep excavations and docks with big hammers
  suspended from cranes
• in restricted access situations they can be pushed into the ground
  with hydrauli rams

sheet piles merits and demerits(优缺点)
merits:

• very flexible in lots of shapes and sizes, from small excavations to
  huge structures;
• fast to install;
• works in restricted access;

demerits:

• big hammers can be noisy;
• expensive

King Post piles

简要介绍：link
King post walls are a cost effective earth retention system

• H piles either installed in pre-bored holes or driven in and precast
  planks slotted between the flanges
• Re-cycled timber railway sleepers can also be used as a low cost
  sustainable alternative to concrete
• this system is generally cheaper than sheet piles or a bored wall
  but require the earth to be retained after the wall is built

King post walls are quick and simple to install. A continuous flight auger, large diameter or minipiling rig is used to create a bore hole which is filled with concrete to form a base for a H pile. Panels of precast concrete, timber sleepers or steel can then be slotted into the H piles to form the retaining wall
KPW安装快捷简单。连续飞行螺旋钻，大直径或微型打桩钻机是用来创建一个孔，其中填满了混凝土，形成一个基地的H桩。预制混凝土板、木枕木或钢板可插入H型桩中形成挡土墙

Contiguous Bored pile wall

简要介绍(这里面有个图介绍的很详细）：link
This is a wall created by a series of bored piles installed next to each other;
they can be contiguous(a small gap between) or secant (alternate soft piles with hard piles, the hard piles cutting thriugh the soft piles so no gap);
this system work well for basements of buildings in city centres but is expensive;

Driven piles installation

• impact from weights via a pulley mechanism;
• guide system to maintain verticality during driving;
• piles susceptible to damage during installation;beter to apply more
  low energy drops than fewer high energy blows;
• hammers may be steam,diesel or hydraulic operated;
• general principle: energy supplied to lift hammer, supply is cut-off,
  hammer falls between guides:
• a stake is driven at the location of the pile;
• pile is straightened, checked and kept upright;
• the pile-driving hammer is lowered to the top of the pile; a few
  light blows are given and the pile is checked;
• full driving starts; rate of penetration is recorded;
• rate of penetration=number of blows per inch;
• the pile is driven to the planned depth. in some cases pile driving
  is stopped when the required rate of penetration is achieved;

How are piles designed

design approaches include:
Geotechnical design
Set calculations
Design by testing
Contractor design

Geotechnical design of piles

• this is the design method favoured by consultants and academics;
• soil parameters are obtained from the ground investigation report(GI)
  and pile capacity calculated;
• with finite elements these programmes are getting more and more
  elaborate, and theoretically, more accurate;
• the big disadvantage is that it is completely reliant on the interpretation of the data in GI. and since this is variable piles are often over design;

Set calculation method

• this is a simple mathematical formula using the principle of Newton’ sThird Law;
• it only works for driven piles;
• We can calculate the energy of the hammer blow by measuring the
  weight of the hammer and how far it falls (or accelerates with high
  tech hammers) and comparing that to how far the pile moves (called a
  set) and its resistance to moving i.e. its bearing
  capacity.(测量锤锤的重量和锤锤下落的距离(或用高科技锤锤加速)来计算锤击的能量，并将其与桩的移动距离(称为一组)及其移动阻力(即其承载力)进行比较)
• so, if we know the energy and the desired bearing capacity we can
  work out the set we need;
• the big advantage is that every piles is drive to set which is a basic test;

Pile design by tasting

• this is the traditional way to design a pile
• several preliminary piles are installed across the site to a
  geotechnical design then tested to failure;
• from this data the geotechnical design is modified or verified, and
  the working piles installed to that criteria;
• this method is very safe, but the costs and delays means that it is only ever used on high value civic jos;
• the only time that i have done it was for a railway bridge;

Contractors pile design method

• Contractors tend to use a mixture of all three methods to get the
  piles as economically designed as possible

Summary

how is technology shaping the future of the pile industry?

• faster hammers;
• cleaner engines;
• remote control rigs(远程控制平台);
• better monitoring, sensors;
• better fast more accrate setting out;
• more off site prefabricated sections(更多非现场预制构件);
• lower cost and less risk;