Earthworks

(ppt我下不下来了，我怀疑是minerva自己的问题,所以这个课只有一半）

Background of Earthworks

the operations connected with excavations and embankments of earth

• all civil engineering projects are associated with some form of
  earthmoving;
• this includes removal of soil or rocks to form foundations, handing
  of spoils or importing these to site to build embankments(堤坝);
• historically, these were treated as preliminary works hence approach
  was by trial and error;
• failures during and after construction require careful consideration
  of earthworks;
• advances in soil mechanics(土力学), material science(材料科学) and mechanisation(机械化) provide the basis to manage these;
• this lecture focuses on the construction and technology aspects;

What is involved in Earthworks

• earthworks and preliminary considerations depend on the
  scope–building, road,dam(筑坝);
• in road works, drainage(排水) may be considered as part of earthworks
• earthworks in relation to dams include slope stabilization(边坡加固) and
  remediation(修复);
• irrespective of the scope, the ability to model the job in terms of
  soil properties and select the appropriate construction method is
  essential(根据土壤性质建造模型，选择适当的建造方法);

Earthworks for building

in building construction, earthworks involve:
remove topsoil—>setting out(测定)—>excavation & compaction(压实)—>shoring(支撑设备)—>backfilling(回填) around foundation(地基):

• plan for quantities, program, resources, regulatory framework(规章制度) etc;

Earthworks for civil

in civil–road and rail context, earthworks involve:
setting out—>remove topsoil—>cuts and fills to foundation levels—>subgrade(路基) preparation & drainage(排水)—>lay subbase(底基层);

plan for quantities, program, resources including plant, materials & disposal, regulatory framework;

Planning for earthwork–design & construcyion

the design objectives are safety and economical solution which are achieved by:

• minimal in-service settlement(在职结算);

• to optimize(优化) cuts and fills, to minimize cost of borrowing and
  disposing spoils;

• improve and reuse existing materials wher suitable;

• contractors executes earthworks to specifications(按照要求，技术规范执行) e.g.method based(基于方法) or end-product based(基于最终产物);

• method based specs tend to be prescriptive in terms of materials and
  equipment(基于方法的规范通常对材料和设备有规范要求);
  example:
  

• on the other hand, end-product approach definies the characteristics of the earthworks e.g. density, airvoids, moisture content of the fill materials etc;

• contractors has flexibility(灵活性) in materials and methods which can be used to achieve the specifications;

• flexibility makes it attractive to contractors but can be risky;

• consequently resident engineers(常驻工程师) have challenging task to verify conformity to be specifications;

Earthwork–machinery

there are 4 categories of machinery involved in earthworks namely:

• excavators and loaders(挖掘机，装载机);
• earth transportation(运输);
• bulldozers and graders(推土机,平地机);
• compactors(压土机);
  within each category, variations exist in terms of capacity and manufacturer(制造商);

Excavators & loaders

• excavators have capability to scoop or scrape(刮) soil, rock or loose
  materials;
• may be further classified in terms of support(支架), boom(吊杆), depth of dig,
  capacity;
• common type include:
  • backacters(反铲挖掘机);
  • draglines(拉铲挖掘机);
  • loading shovel(推土机)
  • backhoe(反铲装载机)
    
    

Transporters

• mass haul diagrams(质量运输图) tend to be used in planning the
  transportation of materials to or off-site;
• usually, the excavated materials are used on other parts of the
  construction;
• consideration must be given to the ground conditions, capacity and
  access conditions etc;
  

Bulldozers and graders

• dozers can be crawler(履带) or wheel-mounted(轮式);
• similar functions(类似功能) between dozers and graders including–trim
  excavations, spread or push spoils:
  

compactors

• soil is a porous(多孔的) material, it gets aerated(充气的) once disturbed
  and swells(膨胀) when exposed to moisture-bulking;
• adequate compaction is necessary before subsequent work(后续工作) on the
  sub-grade(路基);
• compaction method is specified(规定) in relation to the soil type(土壤种类)
  & moisture content(含水量);
• the roller(滚筒) can be static or vibratory while the finish(表面) can be
  smooth or sheepfoot;

附加练习，我没看：

ppt下不了，视频也不发完！