Demeolition

Outlines

the rationale for demolition 拆除的理由;
stakeholders and responsibilities 利益相关与责任;
procurement of demolition works 拆卸工作的采购;
demolition techniques and technology 拆卸技术;
risk management 风险管理;
environmental management 环境管理;

Why demolish

several factors influence the decision to demolition:

• structural condition of the faclity；
• durability issues；
• end of intended life of built facility; typically<=120 yrs;
• energy/carbon effciency,eg. tower blocks;
• urban regeneration;
  regeneration has knocked-on dffects-including housing and other amenities;
  increasingly,construction projects are designed to fit into the existing built environment

Demolish or refurbish

• Decisions based on performance, besides safety are complex due to
  social & economic trade-offs ;
• The whole building stock approach supports policy based on age,
  condition and tenure & SAP rating(整个建筑存量方法支持政策,根据年龄，状况和任期及SAP评级);
• Individual building approach – based on CBA of demolish or refurbish
  now or in future by (个体建造方法–基于CBA,现在或将来拆除或翻新);
• considering:
  capital expenditure(CAPEX)(基本建设费用);
  operational expenditure(OPEX)(操作费用);
  investment appraisal(投资评估)

Stakeholders in demolition

the CDM sets out the responsibilities

Client:(客户)

• Appoint competent designer(设计师), contractor(承建商) and principal designer;
• Allow sufficient time and resources for planning, mobilization and
  execution
  Principal designer(首席设计师)
• Identify risks and ensure mitigating measures;
• Ensure that designers/contractors do their work;
  Designer(设计师)
• ensure the designs can be safely built, maintained and demolished;
• where risks cannot be eliminated from designs, give adequate
  information to those who may be affected;
  principal contractor(承包商）
  develop the construction phase plan(施工阶段计划);
  ensure operatives(操作人员) are adequately resourced;
  excute the works to agreed method statement(计划好的施工方案);

Procurement

Pre-contract planning

初步计划（招标前的准备）

• sufficient information about structure to tenderers(投标人):
  *details about existing utilities(现有应用工具) and services；
  *previous use/s of structure–likely contaminations(污染物);
  *asbestos survey(石棉检测);
  *site environment–adjoining properties, ecology;
• procurement: specialist contractors(专业承包人)-sufficient technical and practical experience;

Invitation to tebder

(招标)
the invitation usually has 4 main components:

• instruction for tendering(招标说明书)
  • Clarifications and submission;
  • Guarantees and warrantees;
  • Evaluation, award criteria and payment terms;
• description of the works
  • the site, vacancy of premises;
  • scope of the works;
  • programme;
• form/ conditions of contract(合约形式)–NEC or JCT clauses;
• tender response form;

some demolition terminologies(术语)

• Decommissioning: Process of making potentially contaminated structure
  safe for dismantling(使可能被污染的结构安全拆除的过程);
• Partial demolition: Also selective demolition or taking down – involves removal of non structural, elements and may precede full demolition(选择性拆除);
• Safe demolition: Is one which has procedures and resources to ensure the occupational health and safety(职业健康和安全) of operatives and the general public;
  -Environmentally-friendly demolition: One which addresses the impact of all activities – includes techniques, pollution and waste disposal;

The demolition process

the demolish contractor’s task

（承包商的责任)

• inspect the facility and obtain inventory(详细目录) of all materials;
• demolition plan detailing method, safety and pretreatment before disposal-CDM requirement;
• implement the demolition plan utilising resources(利用资源实施拆除计划) which lead to safe and environmentally-friendiy demolition;
• collaborative approach- contractors vs. client with transparent substance account of materials;

Refurbishment & Demolition survey

（翻新和拆卸测量）
structural refurbishment(结构性翻新)

• a detailed survey to identify all hazardous materials(有害物质) in the
  facility. can be intrusive;
• the commonest contaiminants are asbestos containing materials(含石棉材料)
  and lead based paints(铅基油漆);
• ACMs may be notifiable to the HSE(health,safety,environment) – licensed contractors to remove &
  dispose;
• Survey identifies areas suspected of ACMs but limited to accessible
  areas;
• CAR 2012 requires training & further testing for employees likely to
  be exposed to hazard;

Demolition plan

(拆卸计划)
for small projects, a single A-4 sized page containing:

• project information e.g. details of stake-holders site location,
  dates etc;
• method statement & programme of works;
• risk assessment;
  for large projects,the elaborate method statements:
• description of operations;
• sequence works;
• hazards and risk assessments;
• waste management plan etc;

Implementing the demolition plan

(实施拆卸工程计划)
case study(案例分析): RC frame multi-storey block(钢筋混凝土框架多层砌块);

1. decontamination(清除污物) e.g. remove asbestos - if any;
2. disconnect services;
3. typically, lift shaft to be used as rubbish chute–remove lift cars
   and cables, prepare shaft base;
4. soft strip(软剥离): take down non structural items-fitting(配件),
   cladding(覆层), ceiling(天花板), tiles(瓷砖) etc;
5. A bottom-to-top approach desirable for fire safety;
6. demolition can proceed once decontamination and soft-stripping(软剥离)
   completed
7. may need temporary scaffold(临时支架) and propping(支撑);
8. demolition choice is influenced by structure, site location,
   materials, time, budge and expertise:
   • hand demolition
   • mechancal demotion from ground or sequential;
   • deliberate collapse;
   • wrecking balls - drop, swing or slewing jib;
   • wire rope pilling;
   • demolition explosives;

Demolition tool

hand demolition tools

• useful in structural refurbishment;
• top down approach;
• slow and hazardous;
• wastes via chute or skip;

mechanical demolition rig

extensive demolition(大量拆卸);
crawler mounted base machine(履带式座底机);
top down approach;
building height to be reduced if above the arm;

**mechanical demolition rig(mini) for sequential

swquential demolition will be in the reverse order of construction(拆除顺序和施工顺序相反);
remove controlled mini rigs offer a safe option;

• environmentally friendly-dust, noise;

• lower risk to operatives;

• slower than ground controlled;

• external power required;
  controlled demolition using bursters(爆破)
  bursters apply pressure mechanically or chemically in confined spaces to induce cracks(裂纹) and hence damage;
  

• where noise, vibration and dust are to be eliminated alogetther;

• bursters inserted into pre- drilled openings;

• pressure applied to exceed trnsile strength of concrete-cracks form;

Safe working space & Exclusion zones

• for the safety of operatives and public, demolition must be provided
  with exclusion zones;

• safe working space: working locations within the excl zone; safe for operatives but with protection;

• Excl.zone is the designed area around the works unsafe for non
  enssential activities & comprises of:

  • plan area–of structure or parts being demolished;
  • drop area–principal mass of structure will drop;
  • predicted debris(碎片) area–extent which debris may travel and com to rest;
  • buffer(缓冲) zone–area to allow for unpredicted harzard;
    

• where operatives need to be in this zine, they must be in safe working space but no nearer to the works than the* buffer zone;

• the exclusion zone is to be reviewed in the course of the works particularly restricted sites;

• the exclusion zone is to be reviewed in the course of the works particularly restricted sites;

• site machinery(现场机械) also require exclusion zones;

Pollution during demolition

• pollution arising from demolition include noise, dust, waste;
• it is important to establish threshold levels(阈值水平) and monitor(监测)
  them during the works;
• dust control by spraying water at the source;

Delimotion waste management

waste from construction and delimotion~30% of waste in the EU(欧盟);
in UK, BRE reports:

• concrete~59%;
• inter material~21%;
• metals~10%;
• timber~7%;
• miscellaneous~3%;

The opportunities for technology

• efficient use of space–adaptable space;
• demolition techniques–robotics, equipment;
• environment impact of demolition–emphasis on pollution control;