概述
当前类加载器(Current ClassLoader)：加载当前类的类加载器
每个类都会使用自己的类加载器(即加载自身的类加载器)来去加载其他的类(指的是所依赖的类)
如果ClassX引用了ClassY，那么ClassX的类加载器(加载ClassX的类加载器)就会去加载ClassY(前提是ClassY尚未被加载)
线程上下文类加载器(Context ClassLoader)定义：
线程上下文类加载器是从JDK 1.2开始引入的，类的Thread的getContextClassLoader()和setContextClassLoader(ClassLoader cl)分别用来获取和设置上下文类加载器
如果没有通过setContextClassLoader(ClassLoader cl)进行设置的话，线程将继承其父线程的上下文类加载器
Java应用运行时的初始线程的上下文类加载器是系统类加载器，在线程中运行的代码可以通过该类加载器来加载类与资源
线程上下文类加载器的重要性：
SPI(Service Provider Interface)服务提供者接口,允许第三方为这些接口提供实现。常见的SPI有JDBC等
这些SPI的接口由Java核心库来提供，而这些SPI的实现代码则是作为Java应用所依赖的jar包被包含进类路径(CLASSPATH)里。
SPI接口中的代码经常需要加载具体的实现类。那么问题来了，SPI的接口是Java核心库的一部分，是由启动类加载器(Bootstrap Classloader)来加载的；SPI的实现类是由系统类加载器(System ClassLoader)来加载的。启动类加载器是无法找到SPI的实现类的，因为依照双亲委派模型，BootstrapClassloader无法委派AppClassLoader来加载类。
父ClassLoader可以使用当前线程的Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader()所指定的classloader加载的类。
这就改变了父ClassLoader不能使用子ClassLoader或是其他没有直接父子关系的ClassLoader加载的类的情况，即改变了双亲委托模型
在双亲委托模型下，类加载是由下至上的，即下层的类加载器会委托上层类加载器进行加载。但对于SPI来说，有些接口是Java核心类库所提供的，而Java核心类库是由启动类加载器加载的，而这些接口的实现却来自于不同的jar包(厂商提供)，Java的启动类加载器是不会加载其他来源的jar包，
这样传统的双亲委托模型就无法满足SPI的要求。而通过给当前线程设置上下文类加载器，就可以由设置的上下文类加载器来实现对于接口实现类的加载
线程上下文类加载器的一般使用模式(获取 -- 使用 -- 还原)
// 获取
ClassLoader classLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
try {
// 设置 targetClassLoader 使用该类作为上下文类加载器进行加载
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(targetClassLoader);
// 使用
myMethod();
} finally {
// 还原
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(classLoader);
}
myMethod里面调用了Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader() 获取当前线程的上下文类加载器做某些事情
如果一个类由类加载器A加载，那么这个类的依赖类也是由该类加载器加载的(如果该依赖类之前没有被加载过的话)
ContextClassLoader的作用就是为了破坏Java的类加载委托机制
当高层提供了统一的接口让底层实现，同时又要在高层加载(或实例化)低层类时，就必须要通过线程上下文类加载器来帮助高层的ClassLoader找到并加载该类
例子
public class MyTest26 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {
// Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mytestdb",
"username",
"password");
}
}
Class.forName被注释掉了，但依然可以正常运行，这是因为从Java1.6开始自带的jdbc4.0版本已支持SPI服务加载机制，
只要mysql的jar包在类路径中，就可以注册mysql驱动。
那到底是在哪一步自动注册了mysql driver的呢？重点就在DriverManager.getConnection()中。我们都是知道调用类的静态方法会初始化该类，进而执行其静态代码块，DriverManager的静态代码块就是
static {
loadInitialDrivers();
println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
}
接下来看一下loadInitialDrivers();方法
private static void loadInitialDrivers() {
String drivers;
try {
// 先读取系统属性
drivers = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
public String run() {
return System.getProperty("jdbc.drivers");
}
});
} catch (Exception ex) {
drivers = null;
}
// If the driver is packaged as a Service Provider, load it.
// Get all the drivers through the classloader
// exposed as a java.sql.Driver.class service.
// ServiceLoader.load() replaces the sun.misc.Providers()
// 通过SPI加载驱动类
AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
public Void run() {
// 接下来主要分析如下几行代码
ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();
/* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.
* It may be the case that the driver class may not be there
* i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class
* as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class
* may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurationError
* will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate
* and load the service.
*
* Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors
* if driver not available in classpath but it's
* packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.
*/
try{
while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
driversIterator.next();
}
} catch(Throwable t) {
// Do nothing
}
return null;
}
});
println("DriverManager.initialize: jdbc.drivers = " + drivers);
if (drivers == null || drivers.equals("")) {
return;
}
String[] driversList = drivers.split(":");
println("number of Drivers:" + driversList.length);
for (String aDriver : driversList) {
try {
println("DriverManager.Initialize: loading " + aDriver);
Class.forName(aDriver, true,
ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
} catch (Exception ex) {
println("DriverManager.Initialize: load failed: " + ex);
}
}
}
接下来看loadInitialDrivers()方法的部分代码
ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();
try{
while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
driversIterator.next();
}
} catch(Throwable t) {
// Do nothing
}
return null;
ServiceLoader.load()方法会经过一系列的调用,后会得到一个ServiceLoader对象,该对象有一个延迟加载的迭代器private LazyIterator lookupIterator;
public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service) {
ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
return ServiceLoader.load(service, cl);
}
public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service,
ClassLoader loader)
{
return new ServiceLoader<>(service, loader);
}
private ServiceLoader(Class<S> svc, ClassLoader cl) {
service = Objects.requireNonNull(svc, "Service interface cannot be null");
loader = (cl == null) ? ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : cl;
acc = (System.getSecurityManager() != null) ? AccessController.getContext() : null;
reload();
}
public void reload() {
providers.clear();
// 延迟加载的迭代器
lookupIterator = new LazyIterator(service, loader);
}
LazyIterator是ServiceLoader的一个私有的内部类
private class LazyIterator
implements Iterator<S>
{
Class<S> service;
ClassLoader loader;
Enumeration<URL> configs = null;
Iterator<String> pending = null;
String nextName = null;
private LazyIterator(Class<S> service, ClassLoader loader) {
this.service = service;
this.loader = loader;
}
private boolean hasNextService() {
if (nextName != null) {
return true;
}
if (configs == null) {
try {
String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
if (loader == null)
configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
else
configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
} catch (IOException x) {
fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
}
}
while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
return false;
}
pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
}
nextName = pending.next();
return true;
}
private S nextService() {
if (!hasNextService())
throw new NoSuchElementException();
String cn = nextName;
nextName = null;
Class<?> c = null;
try {
c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
fail(service,
"Provider " + cn + " not found");
}
if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
fail(service,
"Provider " + cn + " not a subtype");
}
try {
// newInstance()会初始化一个对象,会调用类的静态方法
S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
providers.put(cn, p);
return p;
} catch (Throwable x) {
fail(service,
"Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
x);
}
throw new Error(); // This cannot happen
}
public boolean hasNext() {
if (acc == null) {
return hasNextService();
} else {
PrivilegedAction<Boolean> action = new PrivilegedAction<Boolean>() {
public Boolean run() { return hasNextService(); }
};
return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
}
}
public S next() {
if (acc == null) {
return nextService();
} else {
PrivilegedAction<S> action = new PrivilegedAction<S>() {
public S run() { return nextService(); }
};
return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
}
}
public void remove() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
}
接下来看下面的代码,通过loadedDrivers.iterator()返回一个迭代器
Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();
看iterator()方法
public Iterator<S> iterator() {
return new Iterator<S>() {
Iterator<Map.Entry<String,S>> knownProviders
= providers.entrySet().iterator();
public boolean hasNext() {
if (knownProviders.hasNext())
return true;
return lookupIterator.hasNext();
}
public S next() {
if (knownProviders.hasNext())
return knownProviders.next().getValue();
return lookupIterator.next();
}
public void remove() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
};
}
LazyIterator与iterator()返回的配合使用
接下来看Driver的静态方法
public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {
static {
try {
// 注册驱动
java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
} catch (SQLException E) {
throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
}
}
}
public class FabricMySQLDriver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements Driver {
...
static {
try {
// 注册驱动
DriverManager.registerDriver(new FabricMySQLDriver());
} catch (SQLException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver", ex);
}
}
...
}
至此,驱动注册完毕
接下来看DriverManager.getConnection()方法
@CallerSensitive
public static Connection getConnection(String url,
String user, String password) throws SQLException {
java.util.Properties info = new java.util.Properties();
if (user != null) {
info.put("user", user);
}
if (password != null) {
info.put("password", password);
}
return (getConnection(url, info, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
}
// Worker method called by the public getConnection() methods.
private static Connection getConnection(
String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {
/*
* When callerCl is null, we should check the application's
* (which is invoking this class indirectly)
* classloader, so that the JDBC driver class outside rt.jar
* can be loaded from here.
*/
/* 传入的caller由Reflection.getCallerClass()得到，该方法
* 可获取到调用本方法的Class类，这儿获取到的是当前应用的类加载器
*/
ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
synchronized(DriverManager.class) {
// synchronize loading of the correct classloader.
if (callerCL == null) {
callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
}
}
if(url == null) {
throw new SQLException("The url cannot be null", "08001");
}
println("DriverManager.getConnection(\"" + url + "\")");
// Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to make a connection.
// Remember the first exception that gets raised so we can reraise it.
SQLException reason = null;
// 遍历注册到registeredDrivers里的Driver类
for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
// If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
// skip it.
// 检查Driver类有效性
if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {
try {
println(" trying " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
// 调用com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.connect方法获取连接
Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);
if (con != null) {
// Success!
println("getConnection returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
return (con);
}
} catch (SQLException ex) {
if (reason == null) {
reason = ex;
}
}
} else {
println(" skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
}
}
// if we got here nobody could connect.
if (reason != null) {
println("getConnection failed: " + reason);
throw reason;
}
println("getConnection: no suitable driver found for "+ url);
throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");
}
看下isDriverAllowed方法
private static boolean isDriverAllowed(Driver driver, ClassLoader classLoader) {
boolean result = false;
if(driver != null) {
Class<?> aClass = null;
try {
// 传入的classLoader为调用getConnetction的当前类加载器，从中寻找driver的class对象
aClass = Class.forName(driver.getClass().getName(), true, classLoader);
} catch (Exception ex) {
result = false;
}
// 注意，只有同一个类加载器中的Class使用==比较时才会相等，此处就是校验用户注册Driver时该Driver所属的类加载器与调用时的是否同一个
// driver.getClass()拿到就是当初执行Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")时的应用AppClassLoader
result = ( aClass == driver.getClass() ) ? true : false;
}
return result;
}
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