MySQL学习 子查询

2021 07 13
#进阶7：子查询
/*
含义：出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：
SELECT 后面：
仅仅支持标量子查询
FROM 后面：
支持表子查询
WHERE/HAVING 后面（）：
标量子查询()(单行)
/列子查询(**)（多行）
/行子查询
EXISTS 后面（相关子查询）
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同：
标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）
*/

#一、WHERE/HAVING 后面（）：
/*
1.标量子查询()(单行子查询)
2.列子查询(**)（多行子查询）

3.行子查询（多行多列）

特点：
1.子查询放在小括号内

2.子查询一般放在条件右侧
3.标量子查询，一般搭配单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>

列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
4.子查询的执行优先于主查询之星，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

*/

#1.标量子查询

#案例1：谁的工资比Abel高？

#1.查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel’

#2.查询员工的信息，满足salary >1.的结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary >(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel’
)

#案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名 job_id 和工资

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
)
AND job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)

#案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary =(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
)

#案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#1.查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =50
#2.查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#3.在2基础上筛选，满足min（salary）>1的结果
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =50
)

#非法使用标量子查询：子查询的结果不是一行一列
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =50
)

#2.列子查询（多行子查询）
#案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

#1.查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)

#2.查询员工姓名,要求部门号是1列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
)

#案例2 ：返回其他工种中比job_id为’IT_PROG’部门任意工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id和salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’
)
AND job_id <>‘IT_PROG’

#3.行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）判断条件都是等于号

#案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
)

#二、SELECT后面

#案例1：查询每个部门的员工个数

SELECT d.,(
SELECT COUNT()
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
)
FROM departments d

#案例2：查询员工号= 102的部门名

SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id = e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id =102
)

#三、from后面

#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#1.查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#2.连接1.的结果集和job_grades表，筛选平均工资

SELECT ag.*,g.grade_level
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) av,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag.av BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal

#四、exist后面（相关子查询）

/*
语法：
exists（完整的查询语句）
结果：1/0
可以跟in 互换
*/
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees)

#案例：查询没有女朋友的男神信息

#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
)

#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.id = b.boyfriend_id
)

#练习：

#1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Zlotkey’
)

#2.查询工资比公司平均水平高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
)

#3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资
#a.查询各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#b.连接1.结果集和employees表，进行筛选
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary ,e.department_id
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)ag_dep
ON e.department_id = ag_dep.department_id
WHERE salary>ag_dep.ag

#4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同的部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id ,last_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%u%’
) re
ON e.department_id = re.department_id

SELECT employee_id ,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%u%’
)

#5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工和员工号
#a.查询location_id为1700的部门
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700
#b.查询部门号=a中的任意一个员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = ANY(
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700
)

#6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
#a.
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘K_ing’

#b.
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id in(
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘K_ing’
)

#7.查询工资最高的员工的姓名，要求first_name和last_name显示为一列，列名为姓，名

SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees

SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) 姓名
FROM employees
WHERE salary =(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees

)