1、单例模式

单例模式

一个类只能有一个实例。比如打印机这种东西。

trick在于：变量，构造方法都必须为private，所以其他类new它的构造方法是不行的，直接调用变量也不行。只能调用getInstance()方法&其他被public修饰的方法。getInstance()方法记得用public修饰。

原理：

public class Singleton {

    private static Singleton uniqueInstance = null;

    private Singleton(){

    }

    public static Singleton getInstance(){
        if(uniqueInstance == null){
            uniqueInstance = new Singleton();
        }
        return uniqueInstance;
    }

}

例子：

public class ChocolateFactory {

    private boolean empty;//是否为空
    private boolean boiled;//是否加热过了
    private static ChocolateFactory uniqueInstance = null;

    private ChocolateFactory(){
        empty = true;
        boiled = false; 
    }

    public static ChocolateFactory getInstance(){
        if(uniqueInstance == null){
            uniqueInstance = new ChocolateFactory();
        }
        return uniqueInstance;
    }

    public void fill(){
        if(empty && (!boiled)){
            empty = false;
        }
    }

    public void boil(){
        if((!empty) && (!boiled)){
            boiled = true;
        }
    }

    public void pour(){
        if((!empty) && boiled){
            empty = true;
        }
    }
}

bug：多线程不安全。 
解决办法(优化)： 
vs1：放一个同步锁（一个线程执行完后，另一个线程才可以调用），但是比较耗资源。

public class ChocolateFactory {

    private boolean empty;
    private boolean boiled;
    private static ChocolateFactory uniqueInstance = null;

    private ChocolateFactory(){
        empty = true;
        boiled = false; 
    }

    //1、加入一个synchronized关键字
    public static synchronized ChocolateFactory getInstance(){
        if(uniqueInstance == null){
            uniqueInstance = new ChocolateFactory();
        }
        return uniqueInstance;
    }

    public void fill(){
        if(empty && (!boiled)){
            empty = false;
        }
    }

    public void boil(){
        if((!empty) && (!boiled)){
            boiled = true;
        }
    }

    public void pour(){
        if((!empty) && boiled){
            empty = true;
        }
    }
}

vs2：急切创建实例，但是也有点耗资源。

public class ChocolateFactory {

    private boolean empty;
    private boolean boiled;
    //1、快速创建一个实例
    private static ChocolateFactory uniqueInstance = new ChocolateFactory(); 

    private ChocolateFactory(){
        empty = true;
        boiled = false; 
    }

    public static ChocolateFactory getInstance(){
        if(uniqueInstance == null){
            uniqueInstance = new ChocolateFactory();
        }
        return uniqueInstance;
    }

    public void fill(){
        if(empty && (!boiled)){
            empty = false;
        }
    }

    public void boil(){
        if((!empty) && (!boiled)){
            boiled = true;
        }
    }

    public void pour(){
        if((!empty) && boiled){
            empty = true;
        }
    }
}

vs3：双重检查加锁。

public class ChocolateFactory {

    private boolean empty;
    private boolean boiled;
    //1、volatile是为了处理多线程安全而加的关键字
    private volatile static ChocolateFactory uniqueInstance = null;

    private ChocolateFactory(){
        empty = true;
        boiled = false; 
    }

    public static ChocolateFactory getInstance(){
        if(uniqueInstance == null){
            //2、增多了一个锁
            synchronized(ChocolateFactory.class){
                if(uniqueInstance == null){
                    uniqueInstance = new ChocolateFactory();
                }
            }     
        }
        return uniqueInstance;
    }

    public void fill(){
        if(empty && (!boiled)){
            empty = false;
        }
    }

    public void boil(){
        if((!empty) && (!boiled)){
            boiled = true;
        }
    }

    public void pour(){
        if((!empty) && boiled){
            empty = true;
        }
    }
}

有一个方法，适用于看代码是否应该使用当前这种设计模式： 
要在原来代码基础上，多加一个什么功能或什么改动时，改动会复杂吗？如果会变复杂，则考虑采用其他的设计模式。