C++ 知识点记录（7）C++中的代码重用（Cap14）

1. 包含对象成员的类

        接口和实现：使用公有继承时，类可以继承接口，可能还有实现（基类的纯虚接口提供接口，但不提供实现）。获得接口是is-a关系的组成部分。而使用组合，类可以获得实现，但不能获得接口。不继承接口是has-a关系的组成部分。

#pragma once
// studentc.h
#ifndef STUDENTC_H_
#define STUDENTC_H_

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <valarray>

class Student {
private:
	std::string name;
	std::valarray<double> scores;
	std::ostream& arr_out(std::ostream& os) const;
public:
	Student(): name("Null Student"), scores() {}
	explicit Student(const std::string& s) : name(s), scores() {}   // 关闭隐式转换
	explicit Student(int n) : name("Nully"), scores(n) {}
	Student(const std::string& s, int n) : name(s), scores(n) {}
	Student(const std::string& s, const std::valarray<double>& a) : name(s), scores(a) {}
	Student(const char* str, const double* pd, int n) : name(str), scores(pd, n) {}
	~Student() {}
	double Average() const;
	const std::string& Name() const;
	double& operator[](int i);
	double operator[](int i) const;
	// friends
	// input
	friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Student& stu);   // 1 word
	friend std::istream& getline(std::istream& is, Student& stu);      // 1 line
	// output
	friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Student& stu);
};

#endif // !STUDENTC_H_

// studentc.cpp
#include "studentc.h"
using std::ostream;
using std::istream;
using std::endl;
using std::string;

// public methods
double Student::Average() const {
	if (scores.size() > 0)
		return scores.sum() / scores.size();
	else
		return 0;
}

const string& Student::Name() const {
	return name;
}

double& Student::operator[](int i) {
	return scores[i];
}

double Student::operator[](int i) const {
	return scores[i];
}

// private method
ostream& Student::arr_out(ostream& os) const {
	int i;
	int lim = scores.size();
	if (lim > 0) {
		for (i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
			os << scores[i] << " ";
			if (i % 5 == 4)
				os << endl;
		}
		if (i % 5 != 0)
			os << endl;  // 防止最后剩下
	}
	else
		os << " empty array ";
	return os;
}

// friends
istream& operator>>(istream& is, Student& stu) {
	is >> stu.name;
	return is;
}

// use string friend getline(ostream&, const string&)
istream& getline(istream& is, Student& stu) {
	getline(is, stu.name);
	return is;
}

// use string version of operator<<()
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Student& stu) {
	os << "Scores for " << stu.name << ":\n";
	stu.arr_out(os);
	return os;
}

// use_stuc.cpp -- 14.3
#include <iostream>
#include "studentc.h"
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

void set(Student& sa, int n);
const int pupils = 3;
const int quizzes = 5;

int main() {
	Student ada[pupils] = {
		Student(quizzes), Student(quizzes), Student(quizzes)
	};
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < pupils; i++)
		set(ada[i], quizzes);
	cout << "\nStudent List:\n