C/C++编程：字符流输入流std :: istream

std :: istream

typedef basic_istream<char> istream;

Input stream

输入流对象可以读取和解释字符序列的输入

这是一个basic_istream实例 具有以下模板参数：

模板参数	定义	评论
charT	char	成员char_type的别名
traits	char_traits<char>	成员traits_type的别名

 

std :: istream::istream

initialization (1)	explicit istream (streambuf* sb);
copy (2)	istream& (const istream&) = delete;
move (3)	protected: istream& (istream&& x);

作用：构造对象

// istream constructor
#include <iostream>     // std::ios, std::istream, std::cout
#include <fstream>      // std::filebuf

int main () {
  std::filebuf fb;
  if (fb.open ("test.txt",std::ios::in))
  {
    std::istream is(&fb);
    while (is)
      std::cout << char(is.get());
    fb.close();
  }
  return 0;
}

std :: istream::operator>>

arithmetic types (1)	istream& operator>> (bool& val); istream& operator>> (short& val); istream& operator>> (unsigned short& val); istream& operator>> (int& val); istream& operator>> (unsigned int& val); istream& operator>> (long& val); istream& operator>> (unsigned long& val); istream& operator>> (long long& val); istream& operator>> (unsigned long long& val); istream& operator>> (float& val); istream& operator>> (double& val); istream& operator>> (long double& val); istream& operator>> (void*& val);
stream buffers (2)	istream& operator>> (streambuf* sb );
manipulators (3)	istream& operator>> (istream& (*pf)(istream&)); istream& operator>> (ios& (*pf)(ios&)); istream& operator>> (ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));

作用：提取格式化的输入

#include <iostream>     // std::cin, std::cout, std::he

int main () {
    int n;

    std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
    std::cin >> n;
    std::cout << "You have entered: " << n << '\n';

    std::cout << "Enter a hexadecimal number: ";
    std::cin >> std::hex >> n;
    std::cout << "Its decimal equivalent is: " << n << '\n';
    return 0;
}

std :: istream::gcount

streamsize gcount（）const;

作用：获取字符数

#include <iostream>  // std::cin, std::cout

int main () {
    char str[20];

    std::cout << "Please, enter a word: ";
    std::cin.getline(str, 20);
    std::cout << std::cin.gcount() << " characters read: " << str << "\n";
    return 0;
}

std :: istream::get

single character (1)	int get(); istream& get (char& c);
c-string (2)	istream& get (char* s, streamsize n); istream& get (char* s, streamsize n, char delim);
stream buffer (3)	istream& get (streambuf& sb); istream& get (streambuf& sb, char delim);

作用：从流中提取字符，作为未格式化的输入

#include <iostream>     // std::cin, std::cout
#include <fstream>      // std::ifstream

int main () {
    char str[256];

    std::cout << "输入现有文本文件的名称: ";
    std::cin.get (str,256);    // get c-string

    std::ifstream  is(str);

    char c;
    while (is.get(c)){
        std::cout << c;
    }

    is.close();

    return 0;
}

std :: istream::getline

istream＆getline（char * s，streamsize n）;
istream＆getline（char * s，streamsize n，char delim）;

作用：从标准输入流中获取行

从流中提取字符作为未格式化的输入，并将它们作为c字符串存储到s中，直到提取的字符是定界字符，或者将n个字符写入s（包括终止的空字符）为止

#include <iostream>     // std::cin, std::cout
#include <fstream>      // std::ifstream

int main () {
    char name[256], title[256];

    std::cout << "Please, enter your name: ";
    std::cin.getline(name, 256);

    std::cout << "Please, enter your favourite movie: ";
    std::cin.getline(title, 256);

    std::cout << name << "'s favourite movie is " << title;
    return 0;
}

std :: istream::ignore

istream& ignore (streamsize n = 1, int delim = EOF);

作用：提取并丢弃字符

从输入序列中提取字符并丢弃它们，直到提取出n个字符或一个等于delim的比较为止。

// istream::ignore example
#include <iostream>     // std::cin, std::cout

int main () {
    char first, last;

    std::cout << "Please, enter your first name followed by your surname: ";

    first = std::cin.get();     // get one character
    std::cin.ignore(256,' ');   // ignore until space

    last = std::cin.get();      // get one character

    std::cout << "Your initials are " << first << last << '\n';

    return 0;
}

std :: istream::peek

int peek（）;

作用：偷看下一个字符

返回输入序列中的下一个字符，而不提取该字符：保留该字符作为要从流中提取的下一个字符。

// istream::peek example
#include <iostream>     // std::cin, std::cout
#include <string>       // std::string
#include <cctype>       // std::isdigit

int main () {

  std::cout << "Please, enter a number or a word: ";
  std::cout.flush();    // ensure output is written

  std::cin >> std::ws;  // eat up any leading white spaces
  int c = std::cin.peek();  // peek character

  if ( c == EOF ) return 1;
  if ( std::isdigit(c) )
  {
    int n;
    std::cin >> n;
    std::cout << "You entered the number: " << n << '\n';
  }
  else
  {
    std::string str;
    std::cin >> str;
    std::cout << "You entered the word: " << str << '\n';
  }

  return 0;
}

std :: istream::read、std :: istream :: tellg、std :: istream :: seekg

istream＆read（char * s，streamsize n）;

作用：读取数据块

从流中 提取n个字符并将其存储在s指向的数组中。

streampos tellg();

作用：返回当前字符在输入流中的位置。

istream& seekg (streampos pos);
istream& seekg (streamoff off, ios_base::seekdir way);

作用：设置要从输入流中提取的下一个字符的位置

// read a file into memory
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <fstream>      // std::ifstream

int main () {

  std::ifstream is ("test.txt", std::ifstream::binary);
  if (is) {
    // get length of file:
    is.seekg (0, is.end);
    int length = is.tellg();
    is.seekg (0, is.beg);

    char * buffer = new char [length];

    std::cout << "Reading " << length << " characters... ";
    // read data as a block:
    is.read (buffer,length);

    if (is)
      std::cout << "all characters read successfully.";
    else
      std::cout << "error: only " << is.gcount() << " could be read";
    is.close();

    // ...buffer contains the entire file...

    delete[] buffer;
  }
  return 0;
}

std :: istream::putback、std::istream::unget

istream& putback (char c);
istream& unget();

作用：放回字符

尝试将流中当前位置减少一个字符，使从流中提取的最后一个字符再次可用于输入操作

// istream::putback example
#include <iostream>     // std::cin, std::cout
#include <string>       // std::string

int main () {
    std::cout << "Please, enter a number or a word: ";
    char c = std::cin.get();

    if ( (c >= '0') && (c <= '9') )
    {
        int n;
        std::cin.putback (c);
      // std::cin.unget();
        std::cin >> n;
        std::cout << "You entered a number: " << n << '\n';
    }
    else
    {
        std::string str;
        std::cin.putback (c);
       //std::cin.unget();
        getline (std::cin,str);
        std::cout << "You entered a word: " << str << '\n';
    }
    return 0;
}

std :: istream :: sync

int sync();

作用：同步输入缓冲区