openGL增强表面细节----高度贴图

openGL系列文章目录

前言

现在我们扩展法线贴图的概念——从纹理图像用于扰动法向量到扰乱顶点位置本身。实
际上，以这种方式修改对象的几何体具有一定的优势，例如使表面特征沿着对象的边缘可
见，并使特征能够响应阴影贴图。我们将会看到，它还可以帮助构建地形。
一种实用的方法是使用纹理图像来存储高度值，然后使用该高度值来提升（或降低）顶
点位置。含有高度信息的图像称为高度图，使用高度图更改对象的顶点的方法称为高度贴
图①。高度图通常将高度信息编码为灰度颜色：（0,0,0）（黑色）=低高度，（1,1,1）（白色）=
高高度。这样一来通过算法或使用“画图”程序就可以轻松创建高度图。图像的对比度越
高，其表示的高度变化越大。这些概念将在图1（显示随机生成的地图）和图10.13（显
示有组织的模式的地图）中说明。

图1
改变顶点位置是否有用取决于改变的模型。顶点操作可以在顶点着色器中轻松完成，当模型顶点细节级别够高（例如在足够高精度的球体中）时，改变顶点高度的方法效果很好。但是，当模型的顶点数量很少（例如立方体的角）时，渲染对象的表面需要依赖于光栅器中的顶点插值来填充细节。当顶点着色器中可用于改变高度的顶点很少时，许多像素的高度将无法从高度图中检索，而需要由插值生成，从而导致表面细节较差。当然，在片段着色器中是不可能进行顶点操作的，因为这时顶点已被光栅化为像素位置。程序 展示了一个将顶点“向外”（即在表面法向量的方向上）移动的顶点着色器代
码。它通过将顶点法向量乘以从高度图检索所得的值，然后将该乘积与顶点位置相加，以
“向外”移动顶点。

一、代码

主程序c++

#include <GL\glew.h>
#include <GLFW\glfw3.h>
#include <SOIL2\soil2.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <glm\gtc\type_ptr.hpp> // glm::value_ptr
#include <glm\gtc\matrix_transform.hpp> // glm::translate, glm::rotate, glm::scale, glm::perspective
#include "ImportedModel.h"
#include "Utils.h"
using namespace std;

float toRadians(float degrees) { return (degrees * 2.0f * 3.14159f) / 360.0f; }

#define numVAOs 1
#define numVBOs 3

float cameraX, cameraY, cameraZ;
float gndLocX, gndLocY, gndLocZ;
GLuint renderingProgram;
GLuint vao[numVAOs];
GLuint vbo[numVBOs];

// variable allocation for display
GLuint mvLoc, projLoc;
int width, height;
float aspect;
glm::mat4 pMat, vMat, mMat, mvMat;

ImportedModel ground("grid.obj");
int numGroundVertices;

GLuint heightMap;
GLuint heightTexture;

void setupVertices(void) {
	numGroundVertices = ground.getNumVertices();
	std::vector<glm::vec3> vert = ground.getVertices();
	std::vector<glm::vec2> tex = ground.getTextureCoords();
	std::vector<glm::vec3> norm = ground.getNormals();

	std::vector<float> pvalues;
	std::vector<float> tvalues;
	std::vector<float> nvalues;

	for (int i = 0; i < numGroundVertices; i++) {
		pvalues.push_back((vert[i]).x);
		pvalues.push_back((vert[i]).y);
		pvalues.push_back((vert[i]).z);
		tvalues.push_back((tex[i]).x);
		tvalues.push_back((tex[i]).y);
		nvalues.push_back((norm[i]).x);
		nvalues.push_back((norm[i]).y);
		nvalues.push_back((norm[i]).z);
	}

	glGenVertexArrays(1, vao);
	glBindVertexArray(vao[0]);
	glGenBuffers(numVBOs, vbo);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[0]);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, pvalues.size() * 4, &pvalues[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[1]);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, tvalues.size() * 4, &tvalues[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[2]);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, nvalues.size() * 4, &nvalues[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
}

void init(GLFWwindow* window) {
	renderingProgram = Utils::createShaderProgram("vertShader.glsl", "fragShader.glsl");
	cameraX = 0.03f; cameraY = 0.03f; cameraZ = 0.8f;
	gndLocX = 0.0f; gndLocY = 0.0f; gndLocZ = 0.0f;

	glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
	aspect = (float)width / (float)height;
	pMat = glm::perspective(1.0472f, aspect, 0.1f, 1000.0f);

	setupVertices();

	heightTexture = Utils::loadTexture("heightTexture.jpg");
	heightMap = Utils::loadTexture("height.jpg");
}

void display(GLFWwindow* window, double currentTime) {
	glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
	glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
	glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

	glUseProgram(renderingProgram);

	mvLoc = glGetUniformLocation(renderingProgram, "mv_matrix");
	projLoc = glGetUniformLocation(renderingProgram, "proj_matrix");

	vMat = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::vec3(-cameraX, -cameraY, -cameraZ));
	mMat = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::vec3(gndLocX, gndLocY, gndLocZ));
	mMat = glm::rotate(mMat, toRadians(15.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
	mvMat = vMat * mMat;

	glUniformMatrix4fv(mvLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(mvMat));
	glUniformMatrix4fv(projLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(pMat));

	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[0]);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[1]);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[2]);
	glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);

	glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, heightTexture);

	glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, heightMap);

	glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
	glFrontFace(GL_CCW);
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
	glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);

	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, numGroundVertices);
}

void window_size_callback(GLFWwindow* win, int newWidth, int newHeight) {
	aspect = (float)newWidth / (float)newHeight;
	glViewport(0, 0, newWidth, newHeight);
	pMat = glm::perspective(1.0472f, aspect, 0.1f, 1000.0f);
}

int main(void) {
	if (!glfwInit()) { exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(800, 800, "Chapter10 - program4a", NULL, NULL);
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK) { exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
	glfwSwapInterval(1);

	glfwSetWindowSizeCallback(window, window_size_callback);

	init(window);

	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
		display(window, glfwGetTime());
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();
	}

	glfwDestroyWindow(window);
	glfwTerminate();
	exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

## 2.着色器程序
顶点着色器

```cpp
#version 430

layout (location=0) in vec3 vertPos;
layout (location=1) in vec2 texCoord;
layout (location=2) in vec3 vertNormal;

out vec2 tc;

uniform mat4 mv_matrix;
uniform mat4 proj_matrix;
layout (binding=0) uniform sampler2D t;	// for texture
layout (binding=1) uniform sampler2D h;	// for height map

void main(void)
{	vec4 p = vec4(vertPos,1.0) + vec4((vertNormal*((texture(h, texCoord).r)/5.0f)),1.0f);
	tc = texCoord;
	gl_Position = proj_matrix * mv_matrix * p;
}

2.片元着色器

#version 430

in vec2 tc;
out vec4 fragColor;

uniform mat4 mv_matrix;
uniform mat4 proj_matrix;
layout (binding=0) uniform sampler2D t;	// for texture
layout (binding=1) uniform sampler2D h;	// for height map

void main(void)
{	fragColor = texture(t, tc);
}

效果