类模板-实例为指针 vc6.0编译通过

///
//
// stcktp1.h -- modified Stack template
//
/
#ifndef STCKTP1_H_
#define STCKTP1_H_

template <class Type>
class Stack
{
private:
    enum {SIZE = 10};    // default size
    int stacksize;
    Type * items;       // holds stack items
    int top;            // index for top stack item
public:
    explicit Stack(int ss = SIZE);
    Stack(const Stack & st);
    ~Stack() { delete [] items; }
    bool isempty() { return top == 0; }
    bool isfull() { return top == stacksize; }
    bool push(const Type & item);   // add item to stack
    bool pop(Type & item);          // pop top into item
    Stack & operator=(const Stack & st);
};

template <class Type>
Stack<Type>::Stack(int ss) : stacksize(ss), top(0)
{
    items = new Type [stacksize];
}

template <class Type>
Stack<Type>::Stack(const Stack & st)
{
    stacksize = st.stacksize;
    top = st.top;
    items = new Type [stacksize];
    for (int i = 0; i < top; i++)
        items[i] = st.items[i];
}

template <class Type>
bool Stack<Type>::push(const Type & item)
{
    if (top < stacksize)
    {
        items[top++] = item;
        return true;
    }
    else
        return false;
}

template <class Type>
bool Stack<Type>::pop(Type & item)
{
    if (top > 0)
    {
        item = items[--top];
        return true;
    }
    else
        return false;
}

template <class Type>
Stack<Type> & Stack<Type>::operator=(const Stack<Type> & st)
{
    if (this == &st)
        return *this;
    delete [] items;
    stacksize = st.stacksize;
    top = st.top;
    items = new Type [stacksize];
    for (int i = 0; i < top; i++)
        items[i] = st.items[i];
    return *this;
}

#endif

 

//
//
//     main.cpp
//
//
// stkoptr1.cpp -- test stack of pointers
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>     // for rand(), srand()
#include <ctime>       // for time()
#include "stcktp1.h"

namespace std
{
    using ::rand;
    using ::srand;
    using ::time;
};

const int Num = 10;
int main()
{
    std::srand(std::time(0)); // randomize rand()
    std::cout << "Please enter stack size: ";
    int stacksize;
    std::cin >> stacksize;
// create an empty stack with stacksize slots
    Stack<const char *> st(stacksize);

// in basket
    const char * in[Num] = {
            " 1: Hank Gilgamesh", " 2: Kiki Ishtar",
            " 3: Betty Rocker", " 4: Ian Flagranti",
            " 5: Wolfgang Kibble", " 6: Portia Koop",
            " 7: Joy Almondo", " 8: Xaverie Paprika",
            " 9: Juan Moore", "10: Misha Mache"
            };
 // out basket
    const char * out[Num];

    int processed = 0;
    int nextin = 0;
    while (processed < Num)
    {
        if (st.isempty())
            st.push(in[nextin++]);
        else if (st.isfull())
            st.pop(out[processed++]);
        else if (std::rand() % 2  && nextin < Num)   // 50-50 chance
            st.push(in[nextin++]);
        else
            st.pop(out[processed++]);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < Num; i++)
        std::cout << out[i] << std::endl;

    std::cout << "Bye\n";
    return 0;
}

 

无

namespace std
{
    using ::rand;
    using ::srand;
    using ::time;
};

时报错

error C2039: 'srand' : is not a member of 'std'
error C2039: 'time' : is not a member of 'std'
error C2039: 'rand' : is not a member of 'std'

 

方法收集

在标准中这样写到(引自[lib.headers]):
Except as noted in clauses 18 through 27, the contents of each header cname shall be the same as that of the corresponding header name.h, as specified in ISO/IEC 9899:1990 Programming Languages C (Clause 7),or ISO/IEC:1990 Programming Languages—C AMENDMENT 1: C Integrity, (Clause 7), as appropriate,as if by inclusion. In the C++ Standard Library, however, the declarations and definitions (except for names which are defined as macros in C) are within namespace scope (3.3.5) of the namespace std.

就是说,C++标准库已经将C标准库引入到std名字空间中了.所以在标准C++中使用std::rand和std::srand是正确的.
另一方面,因为rand和srand是C库函数,直接使用rand和srand也是可以的,并且两者是完全一样的。
但是,仍然建议使用std名字空间.因为在某些地方,C++标准库和C标准库有细微的差别(在标准的条款18到27中列出).

如果LZ的编译器中,rand和srand在std名字空间中没有找到,那么在这一点上,它还没能完全符合标准.
LZ可以直接使用rand和srand,不必担心在标准C++编译器上无法使用.
或者,LZ可以手工将它们加到std名字空间中,在标准C++编译器上也同样没有问题:

C/C++ code

   
   

    
    

    
    namespace
    
     std
{
    
    
    using
    
     ::rand;
    
    
    using
    
     ::srand;
};