【建模算法】基于遗传算法求解TSP问题(Python实现)

【建模算法】基于遗传算法求解TSP问题(Python实现)

TSP (traveling salesman problem,旅行商问题)是典型的NP完全问题,即其最坏情况下的时间复杂度随着问题规模的增大按指数方式增长,到目前为止还未找到一个多项式时间的有效算法。本文探讨了基于遗传算法求解TSP问题的Python实现。

一、问题描述

​ 本案例以31个城市为例,假定31个城市的位置坐标如表1所列。寻找出一条最短的遍历31个城市的路径。

城市编号X坐标Y坐标城市编号X坐标Y坐标
11.3042.312173.9182.179
23.6391.315184.0612.37
34.1772.244193.782.212
43.7121.399203.6762.578
53.4881.535214.0292.838
63.3261.556224.2632.931
73.2381.229233.4291.908
84.1961.044243.5072.376
94.3120.79253.3942.643
104.3860.57263.4393.201
113.0071.97272.9353.24
122.5621.756283.143.55
132.7881.491292.5452.357
142.3811.676302.7782.826
151.3320.695312.372.975
163.7151.678

二、解题思路及步骤

1.遗传算法步骤:

第一步:初始化 t←0进化代数计数器;T是最大进化代数(也可以没有);随机生成M个个体作为初始群体P(t);

第二步:个体评价 计算P(t)中各个个体的适应度;

第三步:选择运算 将选择算子作用于群体;

第四步:交叉运算 将交叉算子作用于群体;

第五步:变异运算 将变异算子作用于群体,并通过以上运算得到下一代群体P(t + 1);

第六步:终止条件判断 t≦T:t← t+1 转到步骤2;t>T:终止 输出解。

2.遗传算法求解的一般过程:

1)确定决策变量及各种约束条件,即个体的表现型X和问题的解空间;

2)建立优化模型 (目标函数最大OR 最小) 数学描述形式 量化方法;

3)染色体编码方法;

4)解码方法;

5)个体适应度的量化评价方法 F(x)

6)设计遗传算子;

7)确定有关运行参数。

3.方法实现

编码方式

应用于TSP问题,选用整数编码,每个整数代表一个城市,一整条路径就是整个染色体编码;如此显式的编码,可以不用解码;

population = []

# 初始化种群

index = [i for i in range(w)]
for i in range(count):
    x = index.copy()
    random.shuffle(x)
    gailiang(x)
    population.append(x)

初始种群

随机生成初始种群,并计算这个初始种群的个体适应度。初始化种群时,采用改良版本,为了初始化一个较好的种群,如果随即交换两个城市的位置,如果总距离减小,那么就更新这个染色体。

# 初始种群的改良
def gailiang(x):
    distance = get_total_distance(x)
    gailiang_num = 0
    while gailiang_num < gailiang_N:
        while True:
            a = random.randint(0, len(x) - 1)
            b = random.randint(0, len(x) - 1)
            if a != b:
                break
        new_x = x.copy()
        temp_a = new_x[a]
        new_x[a] = new_x[b]
        new_x[b] = temp_a
        if get_total_distance(new_x) < distance:
            x = new_x.copy()
        gailiang_num += 1

选择算子

选择总距离作为适应度函数,距离越小适应度越高,(存活率与总距离的倒数成正比)

# 适应度
def get_total_distance(x):
    dista = 0
    for i in range(len(x)):
        if i == len(x) - 1:
            dista += distance[x[i]][x[0]]
        else:
            dista += distance[x[i]][x[i + 1]]
    return dista

交叉算子

1 部分映射交叉

选择交换部分,交换父代个体基因产生子代,然后建立映射表,根据映射表来消除基因冲突。

2 顺序交叉

在父代样本1中选择交换部分,根据父代1的交叉部分先生成子代1的部分基因片段,然后将父代2中未被选中的基因按顺序复制到子代1的空余部分;然后根据父代2选择交叉部分生成子代2,并将父代1中未选择的部分复制到子代2的空余;

3 基于位置的交叉

在父代1选择时随机选择需要交换的基因,根据交叉部分生成子代1;将父代2中未被选择到的基因复制到子代1中;然后根据父代2随机选择交叉部分生成子代2,并将父代1中未选择的部分复制到子代2的空余;

# 交叉繁殖
def crossover(parents):
    target_count = count - len(parents)
    children = []
    while len(children) < target_count:
        while True:
            male_index = random.randint(0, len(parents)-1)
            female_index = random.randint(0, len(parents)-1)
            if male_index != female_index:
                break
        male = parents[male_index]
        female = parents[female_index]
        left = random.randint(0, len(male) - 2)
        right = random.randint(left, len(male) - 1)
        gen_male = male[left:right]
        gen_female = female[left:right]
        child_a = []
        child_b = []

        len_ca = 0
        for g in male:
            if len_ca == left:
                child_a.extend(gen_female)
                len_ca += len(gen_female)
            if g not in gen_female:
                child_a.append(g)
                len_ca += 1

        len_cb = 0
        for g in female:
            if len_cb == left:
                child_b.extend(gen_male)
                len_cb += len(gen_male)
            if g not in gen_male:
                child_b.append(g)
                len_cb += 1

        children.append(child_a)
        children.append(child_b)
    return children

变异算子

根据变异算子的概率,变异时随机选择两个不同的位置的基因进行交换。也可以采用三点变异法,随机生成abc三点,将ac基因片段与bc做交换。

# 变异操作
def mutation(children):
    for i in range(len(children)):
        if random.random() < mutation_rate:
            while True:
                u = random.randint(0, len(children[i]) - 1)
                v = random.randint(0, len(children[i]) - 1)
                if u != v:
                    break
            temp_a = children[i][u]
            children[i][u] = children[i][v]
            children[i][v] = temp_a

更新种群

采用杰出父代+子代的方式来更新种群。

while i < iter_time:
    # 自然选择
    parents = nature_select(population)

    # 繁殖
    children = crossover(parents)

    # 变异
    mutation(children)

    # 更新
    population = parents + children

    result_cur_best, dist_cur_best = get_result(population)
    distance_list.append(dist_cur_best)
    i = i + 1
    print(result_cur_best)
    print(dist_cur_best)

我在求解时采用了在初始种群中进行改良的方法,收敛速度相对较快,求解结果比较满意。

三、求解结果

距离和城市序列:

在这里插入图片描述

TSP图和Loss图:

在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述

四、实现代码

#遗传算法求解TSP问题完整代码:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib
import math
import random

# 处理数据

coord = []
with open("data.txt", "r") as lines:
    lines = lines.readlines()
for line in lines:
    xy = line.split()
    coord.append(xy)

coord = np.array(coord)
w, h = coord.shape
coordinates = np.zeros((w, h), float)
for i in range(w):
    for j in range(h):
        coordinates[i, j] = float(coord[i, j])

# print(coordinates)

# 得到距离矩阵

distance = np.zeros((w, w))
for i in range(w):
    for j in range(w):
        distance[i, j] = distance[j, i] = np.linalg.norm(coordinates[i] - coordinates[j])

# 种群数
count = 300

# 进化次数
iter_time = 1000

# 最优选择概率
retain_rate = 0.3  # 适应度前30%可以活下来

# 弱者生存概率
random_select_rate = 0.5

# 变异
mutation_rate = 0.1

# 改良
gailiang_N = 3000


# 适应度
def get_total_distance(x):
    dista = 0
    for i in range(len(x)):
        if i == len(x) - 1:
            dista += distance[x[i]][x[0]]
        else:
            dista += distance[x[i]][x[i + 1]]
    return dista

# 初始种群的改良
def gailiang(x):
    distance = get_total_distance(x)
    gailiang_num = 0
    while gailiang_num < gailiang_N:
        while True:
            a = random.randint(0, len(x) - 1)
            b = random.randint(0, len(x) - 1)
            if a != b:
                break
        new_x = x.copy()
        temp_a = new_x[a]
        new_x[a] = new_x[b]
        new_x[b] = temp_a
        if get_total_distance(new_x) < distance:
            x = new_x.copy()
        gailiang_num += 1


# 自然选择

def nature_select(population):
    grad = [[x, get_total_distance(x)] for x in population]
    grad = [x[0] for x in sorted(grad, key=lambda x: x[1])]
    # 强者
    retain_length = int(retain_rate * len(grad))
    parents = grad[: retain_length]
    # 生存下来的弱者
    for ruozhe in grad[retain_length:]:
        if random.random() < random_select_rate:
            parents.append(ruozhe)
    return parents


# 交叉繁殖
def crossover(parents):
    target_count = count - len(parents)
    children = []
    while len(children) < target_count:
        while True:
            male_index = random.randint(0, len(parents)-1)
            female_index = random.randint(0, len(parents)-1)
            if male_index != female_index:
                break
        male = parents[male_index]
        female = parents[female_index]
        left = random.randint(0, len(male) - 2)
        right = random.randint(left, len(male) - 1)
        gen_male = male[left:right]
        gen_female = female[left:right]
        child_a = []
        child_b = []

        len_ca = 0
        for g in male:
            if len_ca == left:
                child_a.extend(gen_female)
                len_ca += len(gen_female)
            if g not in gen_female:
                child_a.append(g)
                len_ca += 1

        len_cb = 0
        for g in female:
            if len_cb == left:
                child_b.extend(gen_male)
                len_cb += len(gen_male)
            if g not in gen_male:
                child_b.append(g)
                len_cb += 1

        children.append(child_a)
        children.append(child_b)
    return children


# 变异操作
def mutation(children):
    for i in range(len(children)):
        if random.random() < mutation_rate:
            while True:
                u = random.randint(0, len(children[i]) - 1)
                v = random.randint(0, len(children[i]) - 1)
                if u != v:
                    break
            temp_a = children[i][u]
            children[i][u] = children[i][v]
            children[i][v] = temp_a


def get_result(population):
    grad = [[x, get_total_distance(x)] for x in population]
    grad = sorted(grad, key=lambda x: x[1])
    return grad[0][0], grad[0][1]


population = []
# 初始化种群
index = [i for i in range(w)]
for i in range(count):
    x = index.copy()
    random.shuffle(x)
    gailiang(x)
    population.append(x)

distance_list = []
result_cur_best, dist_cur_best = get_result(population)
distance_list.append(dist_cur_best)

i = 0
while i < iter_time:
    # 自然选择
    parents = nature_select(population)

    # 繁殖
    children = crossover(parents)

    # 变异
    mutation(children)

    # 更新
    population = parents + children

    result_cur_best, dist_cur_best = get_result(population)
    distance_list.append(dist_cur_best)
    i = i + 1
    print(result_cur_best)
    print(dist_cur_best)


for i in range(len(result_cur_best)):
    result_cur_best[i] += 1

result_path = result_cur_best
result_path.append(result_path[0])

print(result_path)

# 画图

X = []
Y = []
for index in result_path:
    X.append(coordinates[index-1, 0])
    Y.append(coordinates[index-1, 1])

plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = 'SimHei'  # 设置中文显示
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
plt.figure(1)
plt.plot(X, Y, '-o')
for i in range(len(X)):
    plt.text(X[i] + 0.05, Y[i] + 0.05, str(result_path[i]), color='red')
plt.xlabel('横坐标')
plt.ylabel('纵坐标')
plt.title('轨迹图')

plt.figure(2)
plt.plot(np.array(distance_list))
plt.title('优化过程')
plt.ylabel('最优值')
plt.xlabel('代数({}->{})'.format(0, iter_time))
plt.show()
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遗传算法是一种启发式优化算法,常用于求解TSP(Traveling Salesman Problem)问题。下面是使用遗传算法求解TSP问题Python代码示例: ```python import random # 定义TSP问题的距离矩阵 distance_matrix = [ [0, 10, 15, 20], [10, 0, 35, 25], [15, 35, 0, 30], [20, 25, 30, 0] ] # 定义遗传算法的参数 population_size = 50 # 种群大小 elite_size = 10 # 精英个体数量 mutation_rate = 0.01 # 变异率 generations = 100 # 迭代次数 # 创建一个个体(路径) def create_individual(): individual = list(range(len(distance_matrix))) random.shuffle(individual) return individual # 创建初始种群 def create_population(): population = [] for _ in range(population_size): population.append(create_individual()) return population # 计算路径的总距离 def calculate_fitness(individual): total_distance = 0 for i in range(len(individual)): from_city = individual[i] to_city = individual[(i + 1) % len(individual)] total_distance += distance_matrix[from_city][to_city] return total_distance # 选择精英个体 def select_elite(population): population_with_fitness = [(individual, calculate_fitness(individual)) for individual in population] population_with_fitness.sort(key=lambda x: x[1]) return [individual for individual, _ in population_with_fitness[:elite_size]] # 交叉互换操作 def crossover(parent1, parent2): child = [None] * len(parent1) start_index = random.randint(0, len(parent1) - 1) end_index = random.randint(start_index + 1, len(parent1)) child[start_index:end_index] = parent1[start_index:end_index] for i in range(len(parent2)): if parent2[i] not in child: for j in range(len(child)): if child[j] is None: child[j] = parent2[i] break return child # 变异操作 def mutate(individual): for i in range(len(individual)): if random.random() < mutation_rate: j = random.randint(0, len(individual) - 1) individual[i], individual[j] = individual[j], individual[i] return individual # 进化过程 def evolve(population): elite = select_elite(population) new_population = elite[:] while len(new_population) < population_size: parent1 = random.choice(elite) parent2 = random.choice(elite) child = crossover(parent1, parent2) child = mutate(child) new_population.append(child) return new_population # 主函数 def tsp_ga(): population = create_population() for _ in range(generations): population = evolve(population) best_individual = min(population, key=calculate_fitness) best_distance = calculate_fitness(best_individual) return best_individual, best_distance # 执行遗传算法求解TSP问题 best_individual, best_distance = tsp_ga() print("Best individual:", best_individual) print("Best distance:", best_distance) ```

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