20.7 高级CGI
高级CGI的三个特性:mutipart表单实现的文件上传、CGI字段的多重值和cookie的使用。
20.7.1 multipart表单实现的文件上传(?)
CGI的两种表单编码形式之一,另一种是默认的通过url编码(?)。这种编码的特点?应用?
20.7.2 CGI的多值字段(?)
例子中的多选是多值字段?即lang变量对应一个列表?
20.7.3 cookie
Web站点服务器要求保存在客户端上的二进制数据。本人理解是,再次进入表单页面时,输入框内显示的是自己上一次输入的数据。
服务器向客户端发送一个请求保存cookie,而不必在返回的Web页面中嵌入数据,以此来保存数据。一旦cookie建立,HTTP_COOKIE环境变量会将那些cookie自动放到请求中发给服务器。
cookie是以分号分隔得键值对存在,若要访问这些数据,就要分隔或解析这些字符串。
书中例子:
#-*-coding: utf-8-*-
from cgi import FieldStorage
from os import environ # os.environ可以获取系统的相关信息,在这里是用是因为客户端建立cookie之后,os.environ中的HTTP_COOKIE环境变量会自动将cookie放入请求中发送给服务器
from cStringIO import StringIO # StringIO(str)是指在内存中读写字符串,类似于打开文件访问文件中的数据
from urllib import quote, unquote
from string import capwords, strip, split, join
class AdvCGI(object):
header = 'Content-Type: text/html\n\n' # HTTP MIME文件头
url = '/cgi-bin/asvcgi.py' # 文件路径
# 在formhtml中,要注意METHOD=post,这表明表单提交的方式是post,如果改成get的话,文件上传会出问题,不明白这是为什么
# 在formhtml中的变量有cookie、person、lang和upfile四个变量,
formhtml = '''<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
Advanced CGI Demo</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY><H2>Advanced CGI Demo Form</H2>
<FORM METHOD=post ACTION="%s" ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data">
<H3>My Cookie Setting</H3>
<LI><CODE><B>CPPuser = %s</B></CODE>
<H3>Enter cookie value<BR>
<INPUT NAME=cookie value="%s"> (<I>optional</I>)</H3>
<H3>Enter your name<BR>
<INPUT NAME=person VALUE="%s"> (<I>optional</I>)</H3>
<H3>What languages can you program in?
(<I>at least one required</I>)</H3>
%s
<H3>Enter file to upload </H3>
<INPUT TYPE=file NAME=upfile VALUE="%s" SIZE=45>
<P><INPUT TYPE=submit>
</FORM></BODY></HTML>'''
langSet = ('Python', 'Perl', 'Java', 'C++', 'PHP', 'C', 'Javascript')
langItem = '<INPUT TYPE=checkbox NAME=lang VALUE="%s" %s> %s\n'
def getCPPCookies(self): # 从客户端中读取cookies,在显示表单页面时会调用该函数
if environ.has_key('HTTP_COOKIE'): # 检测客户端是否有cookie存在,这可以区分该程序是第一次生成表单页面还是再次生成表单页面,这里是再次生成表单页面
for eachCookie in map(strip, split(environ['HTTP_COOKIE'], ';')): # cookie是以';'分隔的键值对存在的,所以必须先解析
if len(eachCookie) > 6 and eachCookie[:3] == 'CPP': # 每一个键值对以'CPP'开头?
tag = eachCookie[3:7] # 本例中cookie只有两个键,分别是info和user,所以都是四个字符
try:
self.cookies[tag] = eval(unquote(eachCookie[8:])) # 生成cookie时使用了quote(),自然在这里要用unquote()
except (NameError, SyntaxError):
self.cookies[tag] = unquote(eachCookie[8:]) # 同上
else: # 第一次生成表单页面
self.cookies['info'] = self.cookies['user'] = '' # 第一次生成表单页面,cookie不存在,所以cookies中所有键的值都是''
if self.cookies['info'] != '': # cookie变量不为空,也就是cookie存在,即再次生成表单页面时
self.who, langStr, self.fn = split(self.cookies['info'], ':') # who对应person变量,langStr是lang变量所有选项以','分隔组成的字符串,fn是上传文件名
self.langs = split(langStr, ',') # langs是lang变量选项组成的列表
else:
self.who = self.fn = '' # cookie变量为空,即第一次生成表单页面
self.langs = ['Python'] # langs默认至少有'Python'这个元素,即第一次打开表单页面时,'Python'选项已经被选上了
# 显示表单页面
def showForm(self):
self.getCPPCookies() # 首先是读取cookie,此时self.who, langStr, self.fn, self.langs依情况取值
langStr = ''
# 将form
for eachLang in AdvCGI.langSet:
if eachLang in self.langs: # 第一次生成表单页面,self.langs = ['Python'],'Python'选项被选上,再次生成表单也是类似
langStr += AdvCGI.langItem % (eachLang, 'CHECKED', eachLang)
else:
langStr += AdvCGI.langItem % (eachLang, '', eachLang)
# 使用cookStatus和userCook来追踪是否有cookie产生,前者在页面上显示cookie状态,后者在程序中显示cookie状态
if not self.cookies.has_key('user') or self.cookies['user'] == '': # 第一次生成表单页面,cookie没有设定,userCook当然也为''
cookStatus = '<I>(cookies has not been set yet)</I>'
userCook = ''
else:
userCook = cookStatus = self.cookies['user'] # 再次生成表单页面,但为什么是'user'这个键?
print AdvCGI.header + AdvCGI.formhtml % (AdvCGI.url, cookStatus, userCook, self.who, langStr, self.fn)
# 错误页面
errhtml = '''<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
Advanced CGI Demo</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY><H3>ERROR</H3>
<B>%s</B><P>
<FORM><INPUT TYPE=button VALUE=Back
ONCLICK="window.history.back()"></FORM>
</BODY></HTML>'''
def showError(self):
print AdvCGI.header + AdvCGI.errhtml % (self.error)
# 结果页面
reshtml = '''<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
Advanced CGI Demo</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY><H2>Your Upload Data</H2>
<H3>Your cookie value is: <B>%s</B></H3>
<H3>Your name is: <B>%s</B></H3>
<H3>You can program in the following languages:</H3>
<UL>%s</UL>
<H3>You upload file...<BR>
Name: <I>%s</I><BR>
Contents:</H3>
<PRE>%s</PRE>
Click <A HREF="%s"><B>here</B></A> to return to form.
</BODY></HTML>'''
# 设置cookie,并让客户端储存
def setCPPCookies(self):
for eachCookie in self.cookies.keys():
print 'Set-Cookie: CPP%s=%s; path=/' % (eachCookie, quote(self.cookies[eachCookie])) # 规定cookie格式,存入HTTP_COOKIE?
# 显示结果页面
def doResults(self):
MAXBYTES = 1024
langlist = ''
# 补全reshtml
for eachLang in self.langs:
langlist = langlist + '<LI>%s<BR>' % eachLang
filedata = ''
while len(filedata) < MAXBYTES: # 读取上传的文件,并赋值给filedata变量,前提是不超过1K
data = self.fp.readline()
if data == '': break
filedata += data
else: # 超过1K后,之后的内容用...显示
filedata += '... <B><I>(file truncated due to size)</I></B>'
self.fp.close()
if filedata == '': # 读取文件内容为'',
filedata = '<B><I>(file upload error or file not given)</I></B>'
filename = self.fn # 文件名
if not self.cookies.has_key('user') or self.cookies['user'] == '':
cookStatus = '<I>(cookie has not been set yet)</I>'
userCook = ''
else:
userCook = cookStatus = self.cookies['user']
self.cookies['info'] = join([self.who, join(self.langs, ','), filename], ':') # 设定'info'的值
self.setCPPCookies()
print AdvCGI.header + AdvCGI.reshtml % (cookStatus, self.who, langlist, filename, filedata, AdvCGI.url)
def go(self): # 程序核心
self.cookies = {}
self.error = ''
form = FieldStorage()
if form.keys() == []: # 第一次生成表单页面
self.showForm()
return
if form.has_key('person'):
self.who = capwords(strip(form['person'].value))
if self.who == '':
self.error = 'Your name is required. (blank)'
else:
self.error = 'Your name is required. (missing)'
if form.has_key('cookie'):
self.cookies['user'] = unquote(strip(form['cookie'].value)) # 'user'在这里赋值
else:
self.cookies['user'] = ''
self.langs = []
if form.has_key('lang'):
langdata = form['lang']
if type(langdata) == type([]):
for eachLang in langdata:
self.langs.append(eachLang.value)
else:
sel.langs.append(langdata.value)
else:
self.error = 'At least one language required.'
if form.has_key('upfile'):
upfile = form['upfile']
self.fn = upfile.filename or ''
if upfile.file:
self.fp = upfile.file
else:
self.fp = StringIO('(no data)')
else:
self.fp = StringIO('(no file)')
self.fn = ''
if not self.error:
self.doResults()
else:
self.showError()
if __name__ == "__main__":
page = AdvCGI()
page.go()
结果与书中相同。cookie还是能理解的,多值字段不是特别明白,mutipart编码就不知道在说什么。