【python】python matplotlib绘制并保存多张图片+绘制多张子图

 
需求描述：画图对比观测值和预测值，绘制对比图及多张子图
 

绘制对比图

• 示例代码

  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  import numpy as np
  
  obs_x_data = [20.61782455, 20.3446064, 20.33182907, 20.41394997, 20.42613411, 20.38294792, 20.29493904, 20.11700439, 19.44220352, 17.69989204, 
  			  16.50032616, 15.84687519, 14.43702602, 12.91092873, 11.64278507, 11.01664066, 10.34288025, 9.60017872, 8.91129875, 8.14001083]
  
  obs_y_data = [30.85092926, 30.41317368, 30.22782707, 29.81970787, 29.28694534, 29.19682884, 29.06859398, 29.03396034, 29.01906776, 29.49583817, 
  			  29.87446022, 30.07171631, 30.44148064, 30.78217125, 31.01222801, 31.08432961, 31.16893959, 31.26436996, 31.36372185, 31.45003319]
  
  pred_x_data = [20.61782455, 20.3446064, 20.33182907, 20.41394997, 20.42613411, 20.38294792, 20.29493904, 20.11700439, 19.44220352, 17.69989204, 
  			   16.50027275, 15.39491463, 14.33294296, 13.27159023, 12.1923933, 11.0963583, 10.00212288, 8.92199039, 7.85391903, 6.7955761]
  
  pred_y_data = [30.85092926, 30.41317368, 30.22782707, 29.81970787, 29.28694534, 29.19682884, 29.06859398, 29.03396034, 29.01906776, 29.49583817, 
  			   29.87576103, 30.21777916, 30.55349922, 30.88473892, 31.22133636, 31.54788208, 31.86850739, 32.18684769, 32.4966507, 32.79633331]
  
  plt.figure(figsize=(12, 7.5))
  plt.plot(obs_x_data, obs_y_data, 'ro', linestyle='solid',  label='ground truth')
  plt.plot(pred_x_data, pred_y_data, 'bx', linestyle='dashed', label='pred value')
  plt.xlim(5, 22)
  plt.ylim(28, 34)
  x_ticks = np.arange(5, 22, 1)
  y_ticks = np.arange(28, 34, 0.5)
  plt.xticks(x_ticks)
  plt.yticks(y_ticks)
  plt.ylabel('y position', fontsize=14)
  plt.xlabel('x position', fontsize=14)
  plt.legend(loc='upper right', ncol=1, fancybox=True, shadow=True)
  plt.title("trajectory comparison", fontsize=16)
  plt.legend()  	# 显示图例
  plt.grid(True)  # 显示网格线
  plt.show()		# 显示图片
  

• 如果想保存图片

  ...
  plt.savefig('/your/path/test.png')	# 将图片数据写入文件
  plt.show()				# 将图片数据发送到用户界面库以进行显示
  

• 如果想画多张图片：比如多个目标targets + 多条轨迹trajectories

  for target in range(len(targets)):
  	for index in range(len(trajectories)):
  		plt.figure(figsize=(12, 7.5))
  		...
  		plt.plot()
  		...
  	plt.show()	# 注意在for循环外，for循环画多张图，循环结束后显示多张图片	
  

• 如果想给图片设置不同编号index和像素dpi

  for target in range(len(targets)):
  	for index in range(len(trajectories)):
  		plt.figure(figsize=(12, 7.5))
  		...
  		plt.plot()
  		...
  		# 设置不同图片编号和像素
  		plt.savefig('your/path/test_{}.png'.format(index), dpi = 200)
  	plt.show()
  

  matplotlib默认像素值是100，即如果输出8 x 6空间单位的图，那么就能提供8*100 x 6*100像素的图片文件

绘制多张子图

• 方法1：plt.subplots

  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  
  obs_x_data = [20.61782455, 20.3446064, 20.33182907, 20.41394997, 20.42613411, 20.38294792, 20.29493904, 20.11700439, 19.44220352, 17.69989204,
  			  16.50032616, 15.84687519, 14.43702602, 12.91092873, 11.64278507, 11.01664066, 10.34288025, 9.60017872, 8.91129875, 8.14001083]
  
  obs_y_data = [30.85092926, 30.41317368, 30.22782707, 29.81970787, 29.28694534, 29.19682884, 29.06859398, 29.03396034, 29.01906776, 29.49583817,
  			  29.87446022, 30.07171631, 30.44148064, 30.78217125, 31.01222801, 31.08432961, 31.16893959, 31.26436996, 31.36372185, 31.45003319]
  
  pred_x_data = [20.61782455, 20.3446064, 20.33182907, 20.41394997, 20.42613411, 20.38294792, 20.29493904, 20.11700439, 19.44220352, 17.69989204,
  			   16.50027275, 15.39491463, 14.33294296, 13.27159023, 12.1923933, 11.0963583, 10.00212288, 8.92199039, 7.85391903, 6.7955761]
  
  pred_y_data = [30.85092926, 30.41317368, 30.22782707, 29.81970787, 29.28694534, 29.19682884, 29.06859398, 29.03396034, 29.01906776, 29.49583817,
  			   29.87576103, 30.21777916, 30.55349922, 30.88473892, 31.22133636, 31.54788208, 31.86850739, 32.18684769, 32.4966507, 32.79633331]
  
  target_num = 23             # 23个目标，需要画23张子图
  target_count = 0            # 目标计数
  ROW_NUM, COL_NUM = 3,3      # 每张图3 x 3 = 9张子图
  for plot_num in range(0, target_num, ROW_NUM * COL_NUM):
      figure, axis = plt.subplots(nrows=ROW_NUM, ncols=COL_NUM, sharex='all', sharey='all', figsize=(8, 5))   # 共享x轴和y轴；设置figure大小为 8 * 5
      sub_figure_index = []
      for i in range(axis.shape[0]):
          for j in range(axis.shape[1]):
              sub_figure_index.append(axis[i, j])
      for index in range(ROW_NUM * COL_NUM):
          if target_count == target_num:
              break
          sub_figure_index[index].plot(obs_x_data, obs_y_data, 'bo', linestyle='solid', label='first')
          sub_figure_index[index].plot(pred_x_data, pred_y_data, 'r*', linestyle='dashed', label='second')
          sub_figure_index[index].grid(True)
          sub_figure_index[index].legend(loc='upper right')
          target_count += 1
      plt.tight_layout()
      # plt.savefig('your/path/figure_{}.png'.format(plot_num / (ROW_NUM * COL_NUM)), dpi=200)
      plt.show()
  

• 方法2：plt.subplot

  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  import numpy as np
  
  # plot 1:
  x = np.array([0, 6])
  y = np.array([0, 100])
  
  plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
  plt.plot(x,y)
  plt.title("subplot 1")
  
  # plot 2:
  x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 400)
  y = np.sin(x**2)
  
  plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
  plt.plot(x,y)
  plt.title("subplot 2")
  
  # plot 3:
  x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
  y = np.array([3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 10, 8, 6])
  
  plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
  plt.scatter(x,y)
  plt.title("subplot 3")
  
  # plot 4:
  x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
  y = np.array([7, 6, 5, 4])
  
  plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
  plt.plot(x,y)
  plt.title("subplot 4")
  
  plt.suptitle("multi subplot test")
  plt.show()
  

• 绘制极坐标图可用：fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2, subplot_kw=dict(projection=“polar”))

---

参考文章：
matplotlib可视化
matplotlib存储多张图片
savefig()函数的参数使用
绘制多张子图
一张图中画多个数据
matplotlib设置图例
for循环每次循环画一个图
matplotlib绘制多个子图
设置子图大小

created by shuaixio, 2022.06.19