术语

1 stochastic-  A model or equation that incorporates a random variable.

Stochastic - Stochastic means "random" in opposition to "deterministic" (where random phenomena are not involved). Stochastic models are based on random trials that are guided by computerized stochastic algorithms.

随机的

2

Truncation selection  截断选择

a selection method used in genetic algorithms to select potential candidate solutions for recombination.

In truncation selection the candidate solutions are ordered by fitness, and some proportion, p, (e.g. p=1/2, 1/3, etc.), of the fittest individuals are selected and reproduced 1/p times. Truncation selection is less sophisticated than many other selection methods, and is not often used in practice. It is used in Muhlenbein's Breeder Genetic Algorithm .

3 mass selection 大群选择

个体选择 individual selection 又称 大群选择 mass selection

4 FDR

FDR is the proportion of  the false positive. That is, when you have 200 genes that your tests rejected H0, and you set your FDR<0.01, then 200*0.01=2 genes are wrongly decided as Ha, they actually belong to H0.
So, the threshold value of FDR should be decided in different cases in your data analysis. You need to decide your cut-off value from your own data analysis result

5 MME（mixed model equations  混合模型方程组法）Henderson 于1948年提出 用来对育种值进行BLUP估计

 

6 coselection:

Co-selection is a term used to denote the mutual positive selection of individual members from within two diverse populations, such that selection of members within one population is dependent on interaction with (recognition of) one or more member(s) within the other population. Coselection is a recurring theme of the idiotypic（个体基因型的 个体遗传型的） network model that my colleagues and I have developed. This paper discusses the role that co-selection plays in basic symmetrical network theory and in a network model that resolves the I-J paradox. It proposes that co-selection of helper T cells and HIV variants plays a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. The AIDS model involves a role for the T cell receptor in the infection of T cells. Finally, a way in which a co-selection process may potentially be used in the prevention and therapy of harmful forms of immunity is described

 

7 Bulmer effect：

The Bulmer effect was first observed by D. C. Bulmer in 1971, and is often applied to the breeding (artificial selection) of cattle and other animals. In the Bulmer effect, genetic variation is reduced over generations due to selection, and in proportion to how different the phenotype of a specific progeny's parents are in relation to the generation the parents come from.

Hypothetially, a calf from a parent who is very different – say, red as opposed to black and white – is much more likely to be red and different from the other cattle than other calves. But, as generations continue, an equilibrium is reached in the population whereby the red genes are gradually diminished in strength, and may completely disappear, homogenizing the breed.

Selection (natural or artificial) is likely to emphasize this effect, so that genes that are not beneficial are likely to be diluted in the population and possibly disappear.

However, if the unique phenotypic trait is expressed as a network of genes some of which are essential to the population, the trait may have a more pronounced effect on the breed, with a statistically significant shifting of the phenotypic expression – whereby the unique trait remains after settling into the population's genetic equilibrium.

 

8 coselection

传统育种值估计，尤其是公牛育种值估计，所利用的仅仅是各种亲属信息，因此一头公牛的全同胞后代的育种值是完全一样的，这里的coselection是指这个。