Django新手入门

视图view+模板template+模型model

python manager.py runserver [port]
python manager.py startapp [appname]

请求：

• META
  • REMOTE_ADDR 请求的IP地址
  • HTTP_USER_AGENT　用户请求终端信息
• Content-Type
  • text/plain 普通文档
  • text/xml XML文档
  • application/json json数据类型

视图：

接受请求返回响应

1.定义URL

 path(route,view,name,**kwargs)
 include(urls,namespace)
 
 #########示例#########
 path('sight/image/list/',SightImageView,name='SightImageView')
 path('account/',include('accounts.urls'))

2.获取URL参数

1. url/path传参

2. view视图取参

    re_path(r'(?P<arg>表达式)/',view,name)
    path('.../<int:arg>/',view,name)
    
    def uname_view(request,arg)
    
    #########示例#########
    path('article/<int:page>',article_list,name='article_list')
    def article_list(request,page)
    
    re_path(r'^article/(?P<month>0?[1-9]|1[012])/$',article_list,name='article_list')
    def article_list(request,month)
   

3.获取GET/POST参数

 request.GET.get('arg','')
 
 #########示例#########
 http:127.0.0.1:8080/?name=jinhu
 request.GET.get('name',None)

4.响应HTML

​ 磁盘读取+替换特殊字符+发送浏览器

 render(request,template_name,{})
 
 #########示例#########
 data = {
 	'name':'jinhu'
 }
 render(request,'hello.html',{
 	'data':data
 })

5.重定向

 redirect(route)
 
 #########示例#########
 redirect('user/login/')

6.静态文件

• settings.py

   MEDIA_URL='/media/'
   MEDIA_ROOT=os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'medias')
  

• urls.py

   urlpatterns += [
   	url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)$,serve,{
   	'document_root':settings.MEDIA_ROOT
   	})
   ]
  

7.class重写视图

 url('hello/',HomeView.as_view(),name='hello')
 
 class HomeView(TemplateView):
 	template_name='hello.html'

模板

jinja2在jinja2文件夹，DTL在templates文件夹

{{ object.attribute }} {% tag %}

1.模板标签

• 循环控制

  {% for item in data_list %}
  ...
  {% empty %} 或者 {% else %}
  ...
  {% endfo %}
  
  
  {% for key,value in data.items%}
  	{{ key }}:{{ value }}
  {% endfo %}
  
  {% cycle 'row1' 'row2' %} 或者 {{loop.cycle('row1','row2')}}
  

• 条件控制

  {% if condition_a %}
  ...
  {% elfi condition_b %}
  ...
  {% else %}
  ..
  {% endif %}
  

• URL解析

  {% url 'url_name' params %} 或者 {{url_for('index')}}
  
  {% load static %}
  <img src="{% static "image/cat.jpg" %}" alt="Cat">
  

• 当前时间显示

  {% now "JS F Y H:i" %}
  

2.模板继承

1. 基Html用block圈出

2. 子Html用extends继承

3. 子Html用super复用

   {% extends "base.html" %}
   {% block sidebar %}
   	{{ block.super }}
   {% endblock %}
   

3.添加公共

 {% include "footer.html" %}

4.过滤器

​ {{ value| filter_name:params }}

• 四舍五入：floatformat
• 默认显示：default:“”/default(“”)
• 字符串截取：truncatechars
• Built-in template tags and filters | Django 文档 | Django (djangoproject.com)

自定义过滤器

1. 任意模块下新建templatetags的python包

2. 内部新建脚本any_name.py

   register = template.Library()
   
   @register.filter(name='uname_format')
   def uname_format(text, len):
   	return f"{text[:len]}***"
   	
   {% load any_name %}
   {{ value|uname_format:2 }}
   

ORM模型：

1.元数据 Meta

• db_table ordering verbose_name abstract
• proxy 共享数据库表，添加新的方法、属性和管理器

2.关联关系

• 一对一：OneToOneField 返回对象

• 一对多：ForeignKey 返回列表

• 多对多：ManyToManyField

• 复合模型

  content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.SET(None))
      object_id = models.IntegerField("关联模型")
      content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type','object_id')
  
  # 出现在多个被关联的对象
  images = GenericRelation(ImageRelated, verbose_name='关联图片', related_query_name='rel_sight_images')
  

3.CRUD

• Ｃ

  # 单个新增
  User.objects.create(...)
  # 多个新增
  u1 = User(...)
  u2 = User(...)
  User.objects.bulk_create([u1,u2])
  # 保存
  User(...).save()
  

• R

  User.objects.get(...)
  User.objects.get_object_or_404(...)
  User.objects.get_or_create(...)
  latest/earliest/first/last/all
  

4.QuerySet结果集

• count() exists() all() none() filter() exclude() order_by()
  

• 字段名称__查询条件

  id__exact id__lte id__isnull id__icontains
  UserProfile.objects.filter(user__username='管理员')
  

• filter & Q

  User.objects.filter(name_icontains='',status='')
  
  User.objects.filter(name_icontains='') & User.objects.filter(status='')
  
  query1 = Q(name_icontains='',status='')
  query2 = Q(name_icontains='') & Q(status='')
  User.objects.filter(query2)
  

5.分页处理

 p = Paginator(objects,2) #每页几条
 page = page(3) #第三页

6.聚合统计

 User.objects.all().aggregate(Function()) #返回一个结果
 User.objects.annotate(Function()) #返回多个结果

• 事务管理

  • 自动提交

    @transaction.atomic() 
    def function():
    	...
    	
    def function():
    	with transaction.atomic()
    		...
    

  • 手动提交

    def function():
    	transaction.set_autocommit(False)
    	try:
    		...
    		a.save()
    		transaction.commit()
    	except:
    		transaction.rollback()
    

表单

1.表单的使用

1. 创建表单类

   class LoginForm(forms.Form)
   

2. 添加到表单视图

3. 渲染到模板

   <form action="." method="post">
   	{{ form.as_p() }}
   	{% csrf_token %}
   </form>
   

4. 视图中处理表单数据

   def form(request):
   	if request.method="POST":
   		form=LoginForm(request.POST)
   		if form.is_valid():
   			data=form.cleaned_data
   	else:
   		form=LoginForm()
   	return render(request, 'form.html',{
   		'form':form
   	})
   

2.表单验证 clean_xx

1. 定义clean_xx方法

2. 获取对应字段验证

3. 失败返回异常，最后返回data

   def clean_username(self):
   	data = self.cleaned_data['username']
   	if not data:
   		raise forms.ValidationError('')
   	return data
   

3.多个字段验证 clean

def clean(self):
	data = super().clean()
	if self.errors:
		return
	username = data['username']
	...
	return data

4.ORM创建表单

• 从模型创建表单 | Django 文档 | Django (djangoproject.com)

class UserForm(ModelForm):
	class Meta:
		model = User #使用的ORM
		field = [] #ORM哪些需要在表单
		exclude = []
		labels = {
			'username': '手机号码'
		}
		widgets = {
			'password': forms.PasswordInput(attrs={
			})
		}
		error_messages = {
			'username': {
				'max_length': '不够长'
			}
		}
	
	def clean_xxx(self):
		...

5.上传文件

• HTML实现

  <form action='.' method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data'>
  	{% csrf_token %}
  	<input type='file' name='avatar'>
  	<input type='submit' value='提交'>
  </form>
  
  def xxx(request):
  	if request.method == "POST":
  		file = request.FILES.get('avatar',None)
  		if file:
  			filename=os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT,'...')
  			with open(filename, 'wb+') as t:
  				for chunk in file.chunks():
  					t.write(chunk)
  

• Django表单实现

  class AvatarUploadForm(form.Form):
  	avatar = forms.ImageField()
  
  <form action='.' method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data'>
  	{% csrf_token %}
  	{{ form.as_p }}
  	<input type='submit' value='提交'>
  </form>
  
  def xxx(request):
  	if request.method == "POST":
  		form = AvatarUploadForm(data=request.POST,files=request.FILES)
  		if form.is_valid():
              file = form.cleaned_data['avatar']
  			filename=os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT,'...')
  			with open(filename, 'wb+') as t:
  				for chunk in file.chunks():
  					t.write(chunk)
  

• ORM上传

  class User(models.model):
  	...
  	avatar = models.ImageField('',upload_to='avatar/%Y%m%d')
  	
  class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
  	class Meta:
  		model = User
  	
  <form action='.' method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data'>
  	{% csrf_token %}
  	{{ form.as_p }}
  	<input type='submit' value='提交'>
  </form>
  	
  def xxx(request):
  	if request.method == "POST":
  		form = UserChangeForm(data=request.POST,files=request.FILES)
  		if form.is_valid():
              form.save()