MATLAB 初阶绘图

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前言

b站课程《MATLAB教程_台大郭彦甫（14课）》学习记录

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一、Basics

MATLAB has a powerful plotting engine that can generate a wide variety of plots

二、Plot from “Data”

MATLAB does not understand functions

𝑓(𝑡) = sin(2𝜋𝑡)

Strategies:

1. Generate the numeric values of a function over a specific range
   在特定范围内生成函数的数值
2. Display the data “points” in a graphical way
   以图形方式显示数据“点”

三、plot()

plot(y) : x取1,2,3…n,n为y的长度

连续输入两个图的代码，只会显示一个图形
MATLAB在画图时会清空上一次图

四、hold on/off

Use hold on to have both plots in one figure

五、Plot Style

六、legend() 增添图例

Add legend to graph
使用：legend(‘L1’,…)
Position adjustment

x=0:0.5:4*pi;
y=sin(x); h=cos(x); w=1./(1+exp(-x));
g=(1/(2*pi*2)^0.5).*exp((-1.*(x-2*pi).^2)./(2*2^2));
plot(x,y,'bd-',x,h,'gp:',x,w,'ro-',x,g,'c^-');

legend('sin(x)','cos(x)','Sigmoid','Gauss function');

七、title() and ?label()

title()
xlabel()
ylabel()
zlabel()

x = 0:0.1:2*pi; y1 = sin(x); y2 = exp(-x); 
plot(x, y1, '--*', x, y2, ':o');
xlabel('t = 0 to 2\pi');
ylabel('values of sin(t) and e^{-x}')
title('Function Plots of sin(t) and e^{-x}');
legend('sin(t)','e^{-x}');

八、text() and annotation() 注释

Text with mathematical expression using LaTex
对代码进行解释：
0.25，2.5为text的start point，就是公式开头放在（0.25，2.5）这个点上
\int是积分符号的意思
[0.32，0.5]是指：x坐标从整个图形32%的地方到50%的地方（从左到右）
在annotation中变量取值都是在0到1之间取，因为是百分比
可以理解为整个箭头占据了一个矩形
line那里实际上是指起点(2,0)到终点(2,2^2sin(2))的线段，是向量X[x1,x2]和向量Y[y1,y2]

x = linspace(0,3); y = x.^2.*sin(x); plot(x,y); 
line([2,2],[0,2^2*sin(2)]); 
str = '$$ \int_{0}^{2} x^2\sin(x) dx $$'; 
text(0.25,2.5,str,'Interpreter','latex');
annotation('arrow','X',[0.32,0.5],'Y',[0.6,0.4]);

Exercise

Plot 𝑓 as a black line and 𝑔 as a series of red circles for the range t = 1 to 2 in one figure
Label each axis, and add title and legend

t = linspace(1,2);
f = t.^2;
g = sin(2*pi.*t);
plot(t, f, '-', t, g, 'o');
xlabel('Time(ms)');
ylabel('f(t)');
title('Mini Assignment #1');
legend('t^2','sin(2\pi t)');

九、Figure Adjustment

Several properties:
Font 字体
Font size
Line width
Axis limit
Tick position
Tick label

十、Graphical Objects

十一、Figure Properties

点编辑→图窗属性

十二、Modifying Properties of An Object

Strategy:

1. Identify the “handle” of an object
2. Fetch or modify the object’s properties
   For example, to change the limits of the x-axis:
3. Find the handle of the x-axis
4. Modify the limits
   

十三、Identifying the Handle of An Object 标识一个对象的句柄

h = plot(x,y)只对line做了定义

十四、Fetching or Modifying Properties

To fetch properties, use
get()
To modify properties, use
set()

十五、Getting Object Properties

Getting properties of a graphical object: get()
What do you see after running?

>> x = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000);
y = sin(x); h = plot(x,y); 
get(h)
    AlignVertexCenters: off
            Annotation: [1×1 matlab.graphics.eventdata.Annotation]
          BeingDeleted: off
            BusyAction: 'queue'
         ButtonDownFcn: ''
              Children: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
              Clipping: on
                 Color: [0 0.4470 0.7410]
             ColorMode: 'auto'
           ContextMenu: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
             CreateFcn: ''
       DataTipTemplate: [1×1 matlab.graphics.datatip.DataTipTemplate]
             DeleteFcn: ''
           DisplayName: ''
      HandleVisibility: 'on'
               HitTest: on
         Interruptible: on
              LineJoin: 'round'
             LineStyle: '-'
         LineStyleMode: 'auto'
             LineWidth: 0.5000
                Marker: 'none'
       MarkerEdgeColor: 'auto'
       MarkerFaceColor: 'none'
         MarkerIndices: [1×1000 uint64]
            MarkerMode: 'auto'
            MarkerSize: 6
                Parent: [1×1 Axes]
         PickableParts: 'visible'
              Selected: off
    SelectionHighlight: on
           SeriesIndex: 1
                   Tag: ''
                  Type: 'line'
              UserData: []
               Visible: on
                 XData: [1×1000 double]
             XDataMode: 'manual'
           XDataSource: ''
                 YData: [1×1000 double]
           YDataSource: ''
                 ZData: [1×0 double]
           ZDataSource: ''

What do you see?

>> get(gca)
                        ALim: [0 1]
                    ALimMode: 'auto'
                  AlphaScale: 'linear'
                    Alphamap: [1×64 double]
           AmbientLightColor: [1 1 1]
                BeingDeleted: off
                         Box: off
                    BoxStyle: 'back'
                  BusyAction: 'queue'
               ButtonDownFcn: ''
                        CLim: [0 1]
                    CLimMode: 'auto'
              CameraPosition: [0.5000 0.5000 9.1603]
          CameraPositionMode: 'auto'
                CameraTarget: [0.5000 0.5000 0.5000]
            CameraTargetMode: 'auto'
              CameraUpVector: [0 1 0]
          CameraUpVectorMode: 'auto'
             CameraViewAngle: 6.6086
         CameraViewAngleMode: 'auto'
                    Children: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
                    Clipping: on
               ClippingStyle: '3dbox'
                       Color: [1 1 1]
                  ColorOrder: [7×3 double]
             ColorOrderIndex: 1
                  ColorScale: 'linear'
                    Colormap: [256×3 double]
                 ContextMenu: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
                   CreateFcn: ''
                CurrentPoint: [2×3 double]
             DataAspectRatio: [1 1 1]
         DataAspectRatioMode: 'auto'
                   DeleteFcn: ''
                   FontAngle: 'normal'
                    FontName: 'Helvetica'
                    FontSize: 10
                FontSizeMode: 'auto'
               FontSmoothing: on
                   FontUnits: 'points'
                  FontWeight: 'normal'
                   GridAlpha: 0.1500
               GridAlphaMode: 'auto'
                   GridColor: [0.1500 0.1500 0.1500]
               GridColorMode: 'auto'
               GridLineStyle: '-'
            HandleVisibility: 'on'
                     HitTest: on
               InnerPosition: [1×4 double]
                Interactions: [1×1 matlab.graphics.interaction.interface.DefaultAxesInteractionSet]
               Interruptible: on
     LabelFontSizeMultiplier: 1.1000
                       Layer: 'bottom'
                      Layout: [0×0 matlab.ui.layout.LayoutOptions]
                      Legend: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
              LineStyleOrder: '-'
         LineStyleOrderIndex: 1
                   LineWidth: 0.5000
              MinorGridAlpha: 0.2500
          MinorGridAlphaMode: 'auto'
              MinorGridColor: [0.1000 0.1000 0.1000]
          MinorGridColorMode: 'auto'
          MinorGridLineStyle: ':'
                    NextPlot: 'replace'
             NextSeriesIndex: 1
               OuterPosition: [0 0 1 1]
                      Parent: [1×1 Figure]
               PickableParts: 'visible'
          PlotBoxAspectRatio: [1 0.7896 0.7896]
      PlotBoxAspectRatioMode: 'auto'
                    Position: [1×4 double]
          PositionConstraint: 'outerposition'
                  Projection: 'orthographic'
                    Selected: off
          SelectionHighlight: on
                  SortMethod: 'childorder'
                    Subtitle: [1×1 Text]
          SubtitleFontWeight: 'normal'
                         Tag: ''
                     TickDir: 'in'
                 TickDirMode: 'auto'
        TickLabelInterpreter: 'tex'
                  TickLength: [0.0100 0.0250]
                  TightInset: [1×4 double]
                       Title: [1×1 Text]
     TitleFontSizeMultiplier: 1.1000
             TitleFontWeight: 'normal'
    TitleHorizontalAlignment: 'center'
                     Toolbar: [1×1 AxesToolbar]
                        Type: 'axes'
                       Units: 'normalized'
                    UserData: []
                        View: [0 90]
                     Visible: on
                       XAxis: [1×1 NumericRuler]
               XAxisLocation: 'bottom'
                      XColor: [0.1500 0.1500 0.1500]
                  XColorMode: 'auto'
                        XDir: 'normal'
                       XGrid: off
                      XLabel: [1×1 Text]
                        XLim: [0 1]
                    XLimMode: 'auto'
                XLimitMethod: 'tickaligned'
                  XMinorGrid: off
                  XMinorTick: off
                      XScale: 'linear'
                       XTick: [1×6 double]
                  XTickLabel: {6×1 cell}
              XTickLabelMode: 'auto'
          XTickLabelRotation: 0
                   XTickMode: 'auto'
                       YAxis: [1×1 NumericRuler]
               YAxisLocation: 'left'
                      YColor: [0.1500 0.1500 0.1500]
                  YColorMode: 'auto'
                        YDir: 'normal'
                       YGrid: off
                      YLabel: [1×1 Text]
                        YLim: [0 1]
                    YLimMode: 'auto'
                YLimitMethod: 'tickaligned'
                  YMinorGrid: off
                  YMinorTick: off
                      YScale: 'linear'
                       YTick: [1×11 double]
                  YTickLabel: {11×1 cell}
              YTickLabelMode: 'auto'
          YTickLabelRotation: 0
                   YTickMode: 'auto'
                       ZAxis: [1×1 NumericRuler]
                      ZColor: [0.1500 0.1500 0.1500]
                  ZColorMode: 'auto'
                        ZDir: 'normal'
                       ZGrid: off
                      ZLabel: [1×1 Text]
                        ZLim: [0 1]
                    ZLimMode: 'auto'
                ZLimitMethod: 'tickaligned'
                  ZMinorGrid: off
                  ZMinorTick: off
                      ZScale: 'linear'
                       ZTick: [0 0.5000 1]
                  ZTickLabel: ''
              ZTickLabelMode: 'auto'
          ZTickLabelRotation: 0
                   ZTickMode: 'auto'

Where do we modify the limits of the x-axis?
改变axes

十六、Setting Axes Limits

x = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000);
y = sin(x); h = plot(x,y);
set(gca, 'XLim', [0, 2*pi]);
set(gca, 'YLim', [-1.2, 1.2]);

Alternative:

xlim([0, 2*pi]);
ylim([-1.2, 1.2]);

十七、Setting Font （字体）and Tick of Axes

set(gca, 'FontSize', 25);

set(gca, 'XTick', 0:pi/2:2*pi);
set(gca, 'XTickLabel', 0:90:360);

XTick: 坐标轴刻度间距
XTickLabel: 坐标轴刻度标记

set(gca, 'FontName', 'LaTex');
set(gca, 'XTickLabel', {'0', '\pi/2', '\pi', '3\pi/2', '2\pi'});

十八、Line Specification

Line style and width:

set(h, 'LineStyle', '-.','LineWidth', 7.0, 'Color', 'g');

Alternative:

plot(x,y, '-.g', 'LineWidth', 7.0);

Try:

delete(h);

删除了line

十九、Marker Specification

Face and edge colors of the marker

x=rand(20,1);
set(gca, 'FontSize', 18);
plot(x,'-md', 'LineWidth', 2, 'MarkerEdgeColor' , 'k' ,... 'MarkerFaceColor' , 'g', 'MarkerSize', 10); xlim([1, 20]);

Exercise

t = linspace(1,2);
f = t.^2;
g = sin(2*pi.*t);
hold on
plot(t, f, '-k', 'LineWidth',5);
plot(t, g, 'or', 'MarkerEdgeColor', 'm', 'MarkerFaceColor', '[0.4940 0.1840 0.5560]', 'Markersize', 10);
hold off
xlabel('Time(ms)');
ylabel('f(t)');
title('Mini Assignment #1');
legend('t^2','sin(2\pi t)');
xlim([1,2]);
set(gca, 'LineWidth', 2, 'FontSize', 15);

二十、Multiple Figures

Create a figure window by calling figure
图形会分别出来，而不是画在同一张上面

Be careful when using the gcf handle where there exists multiple figures
因为只会对其中一幅图进行修改，不可以同时进行

二十一、Figure Position and Size

figure('Position', [left, bottom, width, height]);

前面两个是页边距，后面两个是宽高

二十二、Several Plots in One Figure

Several small plots “in a figure”
subplot(m, n,1);
m: row n: column

二十三、subplot()

t = 0:0.1:2*pi; x = 3*cos(t); y = sin(t);
subplot(2, 2, 1); plot(x, y); axis normal
subplot(2, 2, 2); plot(x, y); axis square
subplot(2, 2, 3); plot(x, y); axis equal
subplot(2, 2, 4); plot(x, y); axis equal tight

axis square 图形框为正方形
axis equal x,y轴刻度值相同
axis square tight 所画的line与坐标轴相切

二十四、Control of Grid, Box, and Axis

axis off

grid on

二十五、Saving Figures into Files

saveas(gcf,'<filename>','<formattype>');

saveas(gcf,‘learn_322’,'pdf,);

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总结

继续加油吧。