文章目录
- 前言
- 一、Problem Statement
- 二、Symbolic Root Finding Approach 符号求根法
- 三、Symbolic Root Finding: solve()
- 四、Solving Multiple Equations 解决多元方程
- 五、Solving Equations Expressed in Symbols 解符号方程
- Exercise
- 六、Symbolic Differentiation: diff() 符号微分法
- Exercise:
- 七、Symbolic Integration:
- 八、Symbolic vs. Numeric 符号VS数字
- 九、Review of Function Handles (@)
- 十、Using Function Handles 使用函数处理
- 十一、fsolve()
- Exercise
- 十二、fzero()
- 十三、Finding Roots of Polynomials: roots()
- 十四、How Do These Solvers Find the Roots?
- 十五、Numeric Root Finding Methods 数字根查找方法
- 十六、Bisection Method (Bracketing) 二分法
- 十七、Bisection Algorithm Flowchart 二分算法流程图
- 十八、Newton-Raphson Method (Open) 牛顿迭代法
- 十九、Newton-Raphson Algorithm Flowchart 牛顿迭代算法流程图
- 二十、Bisection vs. Newton-Raphson 二分法和牛顿迭代法
- 二十一、Recursive Functions 递归函数
- 二十二、Factorial Recursive Function 阶乘递归函数
- 总结
前言
b站课程《MATLAB教程_台大郭彦甫（14课）》学习记录
一、Problem Statement
二、Symbolic Root Finding Approach 符号求根法
Performing mathematics on symbols, NOT numbers
在符号上进行数学运算，而不是数字
The symbols math are performed using “symbolic variables“
符号数学是使用“符号变量”来执行的
Use sym or syms to create symbolic variable
>> syms x
>> x + x + x
ans =
3*x
>> (x + x + x)/4
ans =
(3*x)/4
>> x = sym('x');
>> x + x + x
ans =
3*x
>> (x + x + x)/4
ans =
(3*x)/4
>> y = x^2 - 2*x -8
y =
x^2 - 2*x - 8
y =
x^2 - 2*x - 8
三、Symbolic Root Finding: solve()
Function solve finds roots for equations
函数解是方程的解
𝑦 = 𝑥 ∙ sin(𝑥) − 𝑥 = 0
syms x
solve(x*sin(x)-x, x)
or
syms x
y = x*sin(x)-x;
solve(y, x)
>> syms x
y = (cos(x))^2 - (sin(x))^2
solve(y,x)
y =
cos(x)^2 - sin(x)^2
ans =
pi/4
>> clear
syms x
y = (cos(x))^2 + (sin(x))^2
solve(y,x)
y =
cos(x)^2 + sin(x)^2
ans =
Empty sym: 0-by-1
四、Solving Multiple Equations 解决多元方程
Solve this equation using symbolic approach:
用符号方法解此方程
>> clear
syms x y
eq1 = x - 2*y - 5;
eq2 = x + y - 6;
A = solve(eq1,eq2,x,y)
A =
包含以下字段的 struct:
x: [1×1 sym]
y: [1×1 sym]
>> A.x
ans =
17/3
>> A.y
ans =
1/3
五、Solving Equations Expressed in Symbols 解符号方程
What if we are given a function expressed in symbols?
>> clear
syms x a b
solve(a*x^2-b)
ans =
b^(1/2)/a^(1/2)
-b^(1/2)/a^(1/2)
𝑥 is always the first choice to be solved
What if one wants to express 𝑏 in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑥?
>> clear
syms x a b
solve(a*x^2-b,b)
ans =
a*x^2
Exercise
Solve this equation for 𝑥 using symbolic approach
>> clear
syms x y a b r
t = (x - a)^2 + (y - b)^2 - r^2;
solve(t,x)
ans =
a + (b + r - y)^(1/2)*(r - b + y)^(1/2)
a - (b + r - y)^(1/2)*(r - b + y)^(1/2)
Find the matrix inverse using symbolic approach
>> clear
syms a b c d
A = [a b;c d];
inv(A)
ans =
[ d/(a*d - b*c), -b/(a*d - b*c)]
[-c/(a*d - b*c), a/(a*d - b*c)]
六、Symbolic Differentiation: diff() 符号微分法
Calculate the derivative of a symbolic function:
计算一个符号函数的导数:
>> syms x
y = 4*x^5;
yprime = diff(y)
yprime =
20*x^4
（直接将微分求了出来）
Exercise:
>> clear
syms x
f(x) = (exp(x^2))/(x^3 - x + 3);
fprime = diff(f(x))
fprime =
(2*x*exp(x^2))/(x^3 - x + 3) - (exp(x^2)*(3*x^2 - 1))/(x^3 - x + 3)^2
>> clear
syms x y
g(x) = (x^2 + x*y -1)/(y^3 + x +3);
gprime = diff(g(x),x)
gprime =
(2*x + y)/(y^3 + x + 3) - (x^2 + y*x - 1)/(y^3 + x + 3)^2
七、Symbolic Integration:
Calculate the integral of a symbolic function:
>> clear
syms x;
y = x^2*exp(x);
z = int(y)
z =
exp(x)*(x^2 - 2*x + 2)
未规定常数时，会自动取一个常数
>> clear
syms x;
y = x^2*exp(x);
z = int(y);
z = z - subs(z,x,0)
z =
exp(x)*(x^2 - 2*x + 2) - 2
>> clear
syms x
y = (x^2 - x + 1)/(x + 3);
z = int(y,0,10)
z =
log(302875106592253/1594323) + 10
>> double(z)
ans =
29.0624
八、Symbolic vs. Numeric 符号VS数字
九、Review of Function Handles (@)
A handle is a pointer to a function
Can be used to pass functions to other functions
For example, the input of the following function is another function
先新建一个空白.m文件，先将下面的代码进行保存
function [y] = xy_plot(input,x)
% xy_plot receives the handle of a function and plots that
% function of x
y = input(x); plot(x,y,'r--');
xlabel('x'); ylabel('function(x)');
end
再在另一个.m文件中进行运行
Try: xy_plot(@sin,0:0.01:2*pi);
十、Using Function Handles 使用函数处理
xy_plot(@sin,0:0.01:2*pi);
xy_plot(@atan,0:0.01:2*pi);
十一、fsolve()
A numeric root solver
一个数值根解计算器
For example, solve this equation:
𝑓(𝑥) = 1.2𝑥 + 0.3 + 𝑥 ∙ sin(𝑥)
>> f2 = @(x) (1.2*x+0.3+x*sin(x));
fsolve(f2,0)
ans =
-0.3500
Exercise
>> clear
syms x
f = @(x) ([2*x(1) - x(2) - exp(-x(1));-x(1) + 2*x(2) - exp(-x(2))]);
t = fsolve(f,[-5,-5]);
x = t(1)
y = t(2)
x =
0.5671
y =
0.5671
十二、fzero()
Another numeric root solver
另一个数值根解计算器
Find the zero if and only if the function crosses the x-axis
>> f=@(x)x.^2
fzero(f,0.1)
f =
包含以下值的 function_handle:
@(x)x.^2
正在退出 fzero: 将终止搜索包含符号变化的区间
因为在搜索期间遇到 NaN 或 Inf 函数值。
(-1.37296e+154 处的函数值为 Inf。)
请检查函数或使用其他起始值重试。
ans =
NaN
（fzero只有在穿过x轴才可以解出来，相当于二分法）
>> f=@(x)x.^2
fsolve(f,0.1)
f =
包含以下值的 function_handle:
@(x)x.^2
Equation solved at initial point
fsolve completed because the vector of function values at the initial point
is near zero as measured by the value of the function tolerance, and
the problem appears regular as measured by the gradient.
<stopping criteria details>
ans =
0.0063
Options:
f=@(x)x.^2
options=optimset('MaxIter',1e3,'TolFun',1e-10); 【1e3为迭代次数1e-10为误差】
fsolve(f,0.1,options)
fzero(f,0.1,options)
>> f=@(x)x.^2
options=optimset('MaxIter',1e3,'TolFun',1e-10);
fsolve(f,0.1,options)
f =
包含以下值的 function_handle:
@(x)x.^2
Equation solved.
fsolve completed because the vector of function values is near zero
as measured by the value of the function tolerance, and
the problem appears regular as measured by the gradient.
<stopping criteria details>
ans =
1.9532e-04
更接近0了
>> f=@(x)x.^2
options=optimset('MaxIter',1e3,'TolFun',1e-10);
%fsolve(f,0.1,options)
fzero(f,0.1,options)
f =
包含以下值的 function_handle:
@(x)x.^2
正在退出 fzero: 将终止搜索包含符号变化的区间
因为在搜索期间遇到 NaN 或 Inf 函数值。
(-1.37296e+154 处的函数值为 Inf。)
请检查函数或使用其他起始值重试。
ans =
NaN
十三、Finding Roots of Polynomials: roots()
Find the roots of this polynomial:
>> roots([1 -3.5 2.75 2.125 -3.875 1.25])
ans =
2.0000 + 0.0000i
-1.0000 + 0.0000i
1.0000 + 0.5000i
1.0000 - 0.5000i
0.5000 + 0.0000i
roots only works for polynomials
根只对多项式有效
Find the roots of the polynomial:
>> roots([1 -6 -12 81])
ans =
-3.5969
5.5097
4.0872
十四、How Do These Solvers Find the Roots?
Now we are going to introduce more details of some numeric methods
十五、Numeric Root Finding Methods 数字根查找方法
Two major types:
- Bracketing methods (e.g., bisection method) 交叉法
Start with an interval that contains the root
从包含根的间隔开始 - Open methods (e.g., Newton-Raphson method)开型法
Start with one or more initial guess points
从一个或多个初始猜测点开始
Roots are found iteratively until some criteria are satisfied:
迭代查找根，直到满足某些条件:
- Accuracy
- Number of iteration
十六、Bisection Method (Bracketing) 二分法
Algorithm: 运算法则
Loop 循环
- 𝑟 = (𝑙 + 𝑢)/2
- If 𝑓(𝑟) ∙ 𝑓(𝑢) < 0 then new interval [𝑟, 𝑢]
If 𝑓(𝑙) ∙ 𝑓(𝑟) < 0 then new interval [𝑙, 𝑟]
End
十七、Bisection Algorithm Flowchart 二分算法流程图
十八、Newton-Raphson Method (Open) 牛顿迭代法
十九、Newton-Raphson Algorithm Flowchart 牛顿迭代算法流程图
二十、Bisection vs. Newton-Raphson 二分法和牛顿迭代法
二十一、Recursive Functions 递归函数
二十二、Factorial Recursive Function 阶乘递归函数
The function includes a recursive case and a base case
该函数包括递归情况和基本情况
The function stops when it reaches the base case
函数在到达基本情况时停止
function output = fact(n)
% fact recursively finds n!
if n==1
output = 1;
else
output = n * fact(n-1);
end
end
总结
继续加油吧。
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