OpenCV filter2D函数简介
OpenCV filter2D将图像与内核进行卷积，将任意线性滤波器应用于图像。支持就地操作。当孔径部分位于图像之外时，该函数根据指定的边界模式插值异常像素值。
该函数实际上计算相关性，而不是卷积：
filter2D函数的原型如下：
void cv::filter2D（InputArray src，
OutputArray dst，
int ddepth，
InputArray kernel，
Point anchor = Point（-1，-1),
double delta = 0，
int borderType = BORDER_DEFAULT
)
参数：
src 输入图像
dst 输出图像，与 src 大小相同、通道数相同
ddepth 目标图像的所需深度
kernel 卷积核（或者更确切地说是相关核），单通道浮点矩阵；如果要将不同的内核应用于 不同的通道，请使用 split 将图像分割为单独的颜色平面并单独处理它们。
anchor 内核的锚点，指示内核中过滤点的相对位置；锚应该位于内核内；默认值（-1，-1） 表示锚点位于内核中心。
delta 在将过滤像素存储到 dst 之前添加到过滤像素的可选值。
borderType 像素外推方法。可以选以下几种：BORDER_CONSTANT，BORDER_REPLICATE，BORDER_REFLECT，BORDER_REFLECT_101，BORDER_TRANSPARENT，BORDER_REFLECT101，BORDER_DEFAULT，BORDER_ISOLATED。
OpenCV filter2D函数应用
使用OpenCV filter2D函数，通过改变卷积核（kernel）可达成不同的滤波效果。下面就OpenCV filter2D函数的几种常用场景做说明，并以实例做演示。
图像锐化
图像锐化使用的卷积核如下：
Mat kernel = (Mat_<char>(3, 3) << 0, -1, 0, -1, 5, -1, 0, -1, 0);
下面以实例演示图像锐化操作及锐化效果，示例代码如下：
#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
Mat src = imread("1.jpg");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<char>(3, 3) << 0, -1, 0, -1, 5, -1, 0, -1, 0);
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
imshow("Output Image", dst);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}试运行，结果如下：
可以看到经过Filter2D滤波后的图像变得更清晰。
均值滤波
OpenCV filter2D函数实现均值滤波的卷积核如下：
Mat kernel = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) / 9;
下面以实例演示filter2D实现图像均值滤波操作及滤波效果，示例代码如下：
#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
//sharp test
/*
Mat src = imread("1.jpg");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<char>(3, 3) << 0, -1, 0, -1, 5, -1, 0, -1, 0);
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//Mean filter test
Mat src = imread("3.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) / 9;
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
for (size_t i = 0; i < 15; i++)
{
filter2D(dst, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
}
imshow("Output Image", dst);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}试运行，结果如下：
可以看出，均值滤波可以去除图像椒盐噪声，达到磨皮效果。
高斯滤波
OpenCV filter2D函数实现高斯滤波的卷积核可由高斯核转换得到，方法如下：
Mat kernelGaussian = getGaussianKernel(9, 1.5);
Mat kernel = kernelGaussian * kernelGaussian.t()；
下面以实例演示filter2D实现图像高斯滤波操作及滤波效果，示例代码如下：
#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
//filter2d sharp test
/*
Mat src = imread("1.jpg");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<char>(3, 3) << 0, -1, 0, -1, 5, -1, 0, -1, 0);
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//filter2d Mean filter test
/*
Mat src = imread("3.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) / 9;
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
for (size_t i = 0; i < 15; i++)
{
filter2D(dst, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
}
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//filter2d Gaussian filter test
Mat src = imread("3.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernelGaussian = getGaussianKernel(9, 1.5);
Mat kernel = kernelGaussian * kernelGaussian.t();
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
filter2D(dst, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
}
imshow("Output Image", dst);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}试运行，结果如下：
可以看出，同样filter2D均高斯滤波同样可以去除图像椒盐噪声，达成磨皮效果，且所需次数更少。
边缘检测
filter2D还可以使用sobel内核实现边缘检测，soble内核如下：
Mat sobelX = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << -1, 0, 1,-2, 0, 2,-1, 0, 1);
Mat sobelY = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << -1, -2, -1,0, 0, 0,1, 2, 1);
下面以实例演示filter2D 用sobel核实现图像边缘检测操作及滤波效果，示例代码如下：
#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
//filter2d sharp test
/*
Mat src = imread("1.jpg");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<char>(3, 3) << 0, -1, 0, -1, 5, -1, 0, -1, 0);
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//filter2d Mean filter test
/*
Mat src = imread("3.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) / 9;
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
for (size_t i = 0; i < 15; i++)
{
filter2D(dst, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
}
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//filter2d Gaussian filter test
/*
Mat src = imread("3.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernelGaussian = getGaussianKernel(9, 1.5);
Mat kernel = kernelGaussian * kernelGaussian.t();
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
filter2D(dst, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
}
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//filter2d detect edges test
Mat src = imread("4.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
threshold(src, src, 127, 255, THRESH_BINARY);
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat sobelX = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << -1, 0, 1,-2, 0, 2,-1, 0, 1);
Mat sobelY = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << -1, -2, -1,0, 0, 0,1, 2, 1);
Mat edges,edgesX, edgesY;
filter2D(src, edgesX, CV_16S, sobelX);
filter2D(src, edgesY, CV_16S, sobelX);
convertScaleAbs(edgesX, edgesX);
convertScaleAbs(edgesY, edgesY);
addWeighted(edgesX, 0.5, edgesY, 0.5, 0, edges);
imshow("Edges", edges);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}试运行，结果如下：
可以看出确实检测到了边缘，效果并不是很好。
filter2D还可以使用Prewitt核，实现边缘检测。Prewitt核如下：
Mat prewitt_x = (Mat_<int>(3, 3) << -1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1);
Mat prewitt_y = (Mat_<int>(3, 3) << -1, -1, -1,0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1);
下面以实例演示filter2D 用Prewitt核实现图像边缘检测操作及滤波效果，示例代码如下：
#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
//filter2d sharp test
/*
Mat src = imread("1.jpg");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<char>(3, 3) << 0, -1, 0, -1, 5, -1, 0, -1, 0);
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//filter2d Mean filter test
/*
Mat src = imread("3.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernel = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) / 9;
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
for (size_t i = 0; i < 15; i++)
{
filter2D(dst, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
}
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//filter2d Gaussian filter test
/*
Mat src = imread("3.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat kernelGaussian = getGaussianKernel(9, 1.5);
Mat kernel = kernelGaussian * kernelGaussian.t();
Mat dst;
filter2D(src, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
filter2D(dst, dst, src.depth(), kernel);
}
imshow("Output Image", dst);
*/
//filter2d detect edges test
/*
//sobel kernel
Mat src = imread("4.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
threshold(src, src, 127, 255, THRESH_BINARY);
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat sobelX = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << -1, 0, 1,-2, 0, 2,-1, 0, 1);
Mat sobelY = (Mat_<float>(3, 3) << -1, -2, -1,0, 0, 0,1, 2, 1);
Mat edges,edgesX, edgesY;
filter2D(src, edgesX, CV_16S, sobelX);
filter2D(src, edgesY, CV_16S, sobelX);
convertScaleAbs(edgesX, edgesX);
convertScaleAbs(edgesY, edgesY);
addWeighted(edgesX, 0.5, edgesY, 0.5, 0, edges);
imshow("Edges", edges);
*/
//Prewitt kernel
Mat src = imread("4.png");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << "Cann't open Image" << endl;
return -1;
}
threshold(src, src, 127, 255, THRESH_BINARY);
imshow("Input Image", src);
Mat prewitt_x = (Mat_<int>(3, 3) << -1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1);
Mat prewitt_y = (Mat_<int>(3, 3) << -1, -1, -1,0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1);
Mat edges, edgesX, edgesY;
filter2D(src, edgesX, src.depth(), prewitt_x);
filter2D(src, edgesY, src.depth(), prewitt_y);
addWeighted(edgesX, 0.5, edgesY, 0.5, 0, edges);
imshow("Edges", edges);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}试运行，结果如下：
从结果可以看出，filter2D使用Prewitt核检测边缘的结果，与使用sobel核边缘检测的结果是有差异的。
OpenCV filter2D函数就介绍到这里。博文示例是基于OpenCV4.8（opencv目录位于d盘根目录下）及VS2022。示例源码已上传到CSDN，其链接为：https://mp.csdn.net/mp_blog/creation/editor/136590730
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