Android Doc学习之Service

Service，简单的理解就是一个没有UI界面的应用程序组件，它适合于执行长时间运行的操作。

它有两种形式：

1、Started：通过startService()启动，一旦启动，如果没有显式stop的话，它就会一直执行下去，即使程序退出

2、Bound：通过bindService()启动，它一般用于C/S模式：客户端发送请求，并从服务端返回结果。可用于跨进程之间的通讯，当没有绑定该Service的任何客户端时，这个Service便会自动销毁

虽然Service被分为这两种形式，但一个Service可以同时以这2种形式提供服务，只不过在提供不同服务的时候是选择执行onStartCommand()还是onBind()方法.

要创建Service，可以选择继承以下两个类：

1、Service，它是所有Service的基类，包括IntentService，但在使用的过程中要注意线程安全

2、IntentService，基于线程考虑而退出的Service的子类，通过查看它的源码，可知是通过Handler消息机制保证线程的安全，在使用过程中，只需要重写onHandleIntent()方法处理Intent

两种形式的Service的创建与销毁

创建

1、Started: 通过startService创建，有两种情况：

如果该Service未在后台运行，则调用onCreate() -> onStartCommand()

如果该Service已经在后台运行，则条用onStartCommand()

2、Bound:通过bindService创建，该Service必须提供onBind方法的实现

销毁:

1、Started: stopSelf()或者stopService()，注意，当有同时有多个请求给onStartCommand时，不能立刻stop该Service，因为处理完一个请求后可能还有另外一个请求，如果直接stop，那就会影响到第二个请求。正确的做法是：使用stopSelf(id)，该id是通过onStartCommand传紧来的Service的id

2、Bound:通过unBindService()

两种形式的Service的生命周期:

Bound Service：

在Service必须实现onBind()接口并且返回IBinder对象。client通过bindService()访问Service，而且client要通过ServiceConnection建立与Service的连接，当连接建立成功后，会调用 onServiceConnected()。 注意：建立连接时一个异步的过程，所以在bindService()方法调用后并不能立刻建立连接，不能立刻使用Service所提供的服务。在Actviity的onCreate()使用会报异常，要在Activity的onResume()后使用Service所提供的服务。

Bound Service的创建：

为了创建Bound Service，必须提供实现IBinder接口的对象，有3种方式提供这样的接口：

1、通过继承Binder类： 此时client和service运行在同一个进程中，使用该方法时，Service几乎不是一个后台的工作者，如果要和其他进程进行交互，那就要使用其他方式。

2、使用Messager：此方法可以进程间通讯，该方法使用Handler实现消息的传递，这是最简单的IPC通讯，因为使用了Handler，每次只有一个任务执行，保证了线程安全。

3、使用AIDL：该方法可以进程间 通讯，并且可通过并发处理多个任务请求。未了使用AIDL，你必须创建一个.aidl文件，并定义一些接口，此时android会自动创建一个实现该接口的抽象类，在使用的时候，继承android自动创建的这个类，便可提供服务。

实例演示：

1、继承自Binder类

建立步骤

• 建立一个Binder的子类实例
• 通过onBinder返回该实例
• 在Activity的onServiceConnected()获得该binder

public class LocalService extends Service {
    // Binder given to clients
    private final IBinder mBinder = new LocalBinder();
    // Random number generator
    private final Random mGenerator = new Random();

    /**
     * Class used for the client Binder.  Because we know this service always
     * runs in the same process as its clients, we don't need to deal with IPC.
     */
    public class LocalBinder extends Binder {
        LocalService getService() {
            // Return this instance of LocalService so clients can call public methods
            return LocalService.this;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        return mBinder;
    }

    /** method for clients */
    public int getRandomNumber() {
      return mGenerator.nextInt(100);
    }
}

public class BindingActivity extends Activity {
    LocalService mService;
    boolean mBound = false;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        // Bind to LocalService
        Intent intent = new Intent(this, LocalService.class);
        bindService(intent, mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
        // Unbind from the service
        if (mBound) {
            unbindService(mConnection);
            mBound = false;
        }
    }

    /** Called when a button is clicked (the button in the layout file attaches to
      * this method with the android:onClick attribute) */
    public void onButtonClick(View v) {
        if (mBound) {
            // Call a method from the LocalService.
            // However, if this call were something that might hang, then this request should
            // occur in a separate thread to avoid slowing down the activity performance.
            int num = mService.getRandomNumber();
            Toast.makeText(this, "number: " + num, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }
    }

    /** Defines callbacks for service binding, passed to bindService() */
    private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {

        @Override
        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className,
                IBinder service) {
            // We've bound to LocalService, cast the IBinder and get LocalService instance
            LocalBinder binder = (LocalBinder) service;
            mService = binder.getService();
            mBound = true;
        }

        @Override
        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName arg0) {
            mBound = false;
        }
    };
}

2、使用Messenger

如何使用：

• Service创建一个可以从client接收请求的Handler
• 该Handler用于创建一个Messager
• Messager创建了onBind()所需要的IBinder对象
• client使用IBinder对象初始化Messager(引用Service的Handler)，然后使用它给Service传递消息
• Service在Handler的handleMessage()接收消息

public class MessengerService extends Service {
    /** Command to the service to display a message */
    static final int MSG_SAY_HELLO = 1;

    /**
     * Handler of incoming messages from clients.
     */
    class IncomingHandler extends Handler {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            switch (msg.what) {
                case MSG_SAY_HELLO:
                    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "hello!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                default:
                    super.handleMessage(msg);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Target we publish for clients to send messages to IncomingHandler.
     */
    final Messenger mMessenger = new Messenger(new IncomingHandler());

    /**
     * When binding to the service, we return an interface to our messenger
     * for sending messages to the service.
     */
    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "binding", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        return mMessenger.getBinder();
    }
}

public class ActivityMessenger extends Activity {
    /** Messenger for communicating with the service. */
    Messenger mService = null;

    /** Flag indicating whether we have called bind on the service. */
    boolean mBound;

    /**
     * Class for interacting with the main interface of the service.
     */
    private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) {
            // This is called when the connection with the service has been
            // established, giving us the object we can use to
            // interact with the service.  We are communicating with the
            // service using a Messenger, so here we get a client-side
            // representation of that from the raw IBinder object.
            mService = new Messenger(service);
            mBound = true;
        }

        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
            // This is called when the connection with the service has been
            // unexpectedly disconnected -- that is, its process crashed.
            mService = null;
            mBound = false;
        }
    };

    public void sayHello(View v) {
        if (!mBound) return;
        // Create and send a message to the service, using a supported 'what' value
        Message msg = Message.obtain(null, MessengerService.MSG_SAY_HELLO, 0, 0);
        try {
            mService.send(msg);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        // Bind to the service
        bindService(new Intent(this, MessengerService.class), mConnection,
            Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
        // Unbind from the service
        if (mBound) {
            unbindService(mConnection);
            mBound = false;
        }
    }
}

注：在该例子中，Service客户端不能接收来自于Service的消息，如果要使用双向的消息可如下实现ApiDemo的(MessengerService.java (service) 、MessengerServiceActivities.java (client))：

MessengerService.java


The file containing the source code shown below is located in the corresponding directory in <sdk>/samples/android-<version>/...

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.example.android.apis.app;

import android.app.Notification;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.app.Service;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Binder;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.os.Message;
import android.os.Messenger;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.Toast;

import java.util.ArrayList;

// Need the following import to get access to the app resources, since this
// class is in a sub-package.
import com.example.android.apis.R;
import com.example.android.apis.app.RemoteService.Controller;

/**
 * This is an example of implementing an application service that uses the
 * {@link Messenger} class for communicating with clients.  This allows for
 * remote interaction with a service, without needing to define an AIDL
 * interface.
 *
 * <p>Notice the use of the {@link NotificationManager} when interesting things
 * happen in the service.  This is generally how background services should
 * interact with the user, rather than doing something more disruptive such as
 * calling startActivity().
 */
public class MessengerService extends Service {
    /** For showing and hiding our notification. */
    NotificationManager mNM;
    /** Keeps track of all current registered clients. */
    ArrayList<Messenger> mClients = new ArrayList<Messenger>();
    /** Holds last value set by a client. */
    int mValue = 0;

    /**
     * Command to the service to register a client, receiving callbacks
     * from the service.  The Message's replyTo field must be a Messenger of
     * the client where callbacks should be sent.
     */
    static final int MSG_REGISTER_CLIENT = 1;

    /**
     * Command to the service to unregister a client, ot stop receiving callbacks
     * from the service.  The Message's replyTo field must be a Messenger of
     * the client as previously given with MSG_REGISTER_CLIENT.
     */
    static final int MSG_UNREGISTER_CLIENT = 2;

    /**
     * Command to service to set a new value.  This can be sent to the
     * service to supply a new value, and will be sent by the service to
     * any registered clients with the new value.
     */
    static final int MSG_SET_VALUE = 3;

    /**
     * Handler of incoming messages from clients.
     */
    class IncomingHandler extends Handler {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            switch (msg.what) {
                case MSG_REGISTER_CLIENT:
                    mClients.add(msg.replyTo);
                    break;
                case MSG_UNREGISTER_CLIENT:
                    mClients.remove(msg.replyTo);
                    break;
                case MSG_SET_VALUE:
                    mValue = msg.arg1;
                    for (int i=mClients.size()-1; i>=0; i--) {
                        try {
                            mClients.get(i).send(Message.obtain(null,
                                    MSG_SET_VALUE, mValue, 0));
                        } catch (RemoteException e) {
                            // The client is dead.  Remove it from the list;
                            // we are going through the list from back to front
                            // so this is safe to do inside the loop.
                            mClients.remove(i);
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    super.handleMessage(msg);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Target we publish for clients to send messages to IncomingHandler.
     */
    final Messenger mMessenger = new Messenger(new IncomingHandler());

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        mNM = (NotificationManager)getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);

        // Display a notification about us starting.
        showNotification();
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        // Cancel the persistent notification.
        mNM.cancel(R.string.remote_service_started);

        // Tell the user we stopped.
        Toast.makeText(this, R.string.remote_service_stopped, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
    }

    /**
     * When binding to the service, we return an interface to our messenger
     * for sending messages to the service.
     */
    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        return mMessenger.getBinder();
    }

    /**
     * Show a notification while this service is running.
     */
    private void showNotification() {
        // In this sample, we'll use the same text for the ticker and the expanded notification
        CharSequence text = getText(R.string.remote_service_started);

        // Set the icon, scrolling text and timestamp
        Notification notification = new Notification(R.drawable.stat_sample, text,
                System.currentTimeMillis());

        // The PendingIntent to launch our activity if the user selects this notification
        PendingIntent contentIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0,
                new Intent(this, Controller.class), 0);

        // Set the info for the views that show in the notification panel.
        notification.setLatestEventInfo(this, getText(R.string.remote_service_label),
                       text, contentIntent);

        // Send the notification.
        // We use a string id because it is a unique number.  We use it later to cancel.
        mNM.notify(R.string.remote_service_started, notification);
    }
}

MessengerServiceActivities.java


The file containing the source code shown below is located in the corresponding directory in <sdk>/samples/android-<version>/...

package com.example.android.apis.app;

import com.example.android.apis.R;
import com.example.android.apis.app.LocalServiceActivities.Binding;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.ComponentName;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.ServiceConnection;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.os.Message;
import android.os.Messenger;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MessengerServiceActivities {
    /**
     * Example of binding and unbinding to the remote service.
     * This demonstrates the implementation of a service which the client will
     * bind to, interacting with it through an aidl interface.</p>
     * 
     * <p>Note that this is implemented as an inner class only keep the sample
     * all together; typically this code would appear in some separate class.
     */
    public static class Binding extends Activity {
        /** Messenger for communicating with service. */
        Messenger mService = null;
        /** Flag indicating whether we have called bind on the service. */
        boolean mIsBound;
        /** Some text view we are using to show state information. */
        TextView mCallbackText;

        /**
         * Handler of incoming messages from service.
         */
        class IncomingHandler extends Handler {
            @Override
            public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                switch (msg.what) {
                    case MessengerService.MSG_SET_VALUE:
                        mCallbackText.setText("Received from service: " + msg.arg1);
                        break;
                    default:
                        super.handleMessage(msg);
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Target we publish for clients to send messages to IncomingHandler.
         */
        final Messenger mMessenger = new Messenger(new IncomingHandler());

        /**
         * Class for interacting with the main interface of the service.
         */
        private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
            public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className,
                    IBinder service) {
                // This is called when the connection with the service has been
                // established, giving us the service object we can use to
                // interact with the service.  We are communicating with our
                // service through an IDL interface, so get a client-side
                // representation of that from the raw service object.
                mService = new Messenger(service);
                mCallbackText.setText("Attached.");

                // We want to monitor the service for as long as we are
                // connected to it.
                try {
                    Message msg = Message.obtain(null,
                            MessengerService.MSG_REGISTER_CLIENT);
                    msg.replyTo = mMessenger;
                    mService.send(msg);

                    // Give it some value as an example.
                    msg = Message.obtain(null,
                            MessengerService.MSG_SET_VALUE, this.hashCode(), 0);
                    mService.send(msg);
                } catch (RemoteException e) {
                    // In this case the service has crashed before we could even
                    // do anything with it; we can count on soon being
                    // disconnected (and then reconnected if it can be restarted)
                    // so there is no need to do anything here.
                }

                // As part of the sample, tell the user what happened.
                Toast.makeText(Binding.this, R.string.remote_service_connected,
                        Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }

            public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
                // This is called when the connection with the service has been
                // unexpectedly disconnected -- that is, its process crashed.
                mService = null;
                mCallbackText.setText("Disconnected.");

                // As part of the sample, tell the user what happened.
                Toast.makeText(Binding.this, R.string.remote_service_disconnected,
                        Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
        };

        void doBindService() {
            // Establish a connection with the service.  We use an explicit
            // class name because there is no reason to be able to let other
            // applications replace our component.
            bindService(new Intent(Binding.this, 
                    MessengerService.class), mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
            mIsBound = true;
            mCallbackText.setText("Binding.");
        }

        void doUnbindService() {
            if (mIsBound) {
                // If we have received the service, and hence registered with
                // it, then now is the time to unregister.
                if (mService != null) {
                    try {
                        Message msg = Message.obtain(null,
                                MessengerService.MSG_UNREGISTER_CLIENT);
                        msg.replyTo = mMessenger;
                        mService.send(msg);
                    } catch (RemoteException e) {
                        // There is nothing special we need to do if the service
                        // has crashed.
                    }
                }

                // Detach our existing connection.
                unbindService(mConnection);
                mIsBound = false;
                mCallbackText.setText("Unbinding.");
            }
        }

        /**
         * Standard initialization of this activity.  Set up the UI, then wait
         * for the user to poke it before doing anything.
         */
        @Override
        protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
            super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

            setContentView(R.layout.messenger_service_binding);

            // Watch for button clicks.
            Button button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.bind);
            button.setOnClickListener(mBindListener);
            button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.unbind);
            button.setOnClickListener(mUnbindListener);

            mCallbackText = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.callback);
            mCallbackText.setText("Not attached.");
        }

        private OnClickListener mBindListener = new OnClickListener() {
            public void onClick(View v) {
                doBindService();
            }
        };

        private OnClickListener mUnbindListener = new OnClickListener() {
            public void onClick(View v) {
                doUnbindService();
            }
        };
    }
}

3、AIDL(略)

Service状态转换流程：

注意事项：

1、记得在调用bind的同时，也不要忘记调用unbind

2、如果你只需要Service在Activity可见的情况下运行，可在onStart()下绑定，在onStop()下解绑，其他同理

3、注意在onResume()和onPause()中绑定和解码Service的使用，因为如果有多个Activity都绑定到该服务，那么该服务便会频繁的绑定和解码，会消耗大量资源