【python】详解异常（Exception）信息捕捉获取与处理

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-24 11:48:22 发布

brucewong0516

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-24 11:48:22 发布

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分类专栏： python 文章标签：捕获异常 python 异常处理 try except

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异常信息的获取对于程序的调试非常重要，可以有助于快速定位有错误程序语句的位置并进行调试。python用异常对象（exception object）来表示异常。遇到错误后会引发异常，如果异常未被处理或捕捉，程序就会用所谓的回溯（traceback）终止执行。

1、raise语句
为了引发异常，可以使用一个类（应该是exception的子类）或者实例参数调用raise语句。使用类时，程序会自动创建类的一个实例。

In [1]: raise Exception
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exception                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-1-fca2ab0ca76b> in <module>()
----> 1 raise Exception

Exception:

In [2]: raise ArithmeticError
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ArithmeticError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-36d9a98b39c2> in <module>()
----> 1 raise ArithmeticError

ArithmeticError:

2、内建异常类

Exception ：所有异常的基类
AttributeError ：特征引用或者复制失败时引发
IOError ：试图打开不存在文件（包括其他情况）时引发
IndexError ：在使用序列不存在的索引引发
Key Error ：在使用映射不存在的键时引发
NameError ：在找不到名字（变量）时引发
SyntaxError ：在代码为错误形式时引发
TypeError ：在内建操作或者函数应用于错误类型的对象时引发
ValueError ：在内建操作或者函数应用与正确类型的对象，但是该对象使用不合适的值时引发
ZeroDivisionError ：在除法或者模除操作的第二个参数为0时引发

3、自定义异常类型

Python中也可以自定义自己的特殊类型的异常，只需要确保从Exception类继承(直接或间接)即可：

class SomeCustomException(Exception):
    pass

4、捕捉异常

Python中使用try/except关键字来捕捉异常

In [1]: try:
   ...:     x = input('enter the 1 num:')
   ...:     y = input('enter the 2 num:')
   ...:     print(int(y)/int(x))
   ...: except ZeroDivisionError:
   ...:     print('can\'s be zore')

enter the 1 num:0
enter the 2 num:1

can's be zore

5、捕捉多个异常

如果需要一个块捕捉多个类型异常，那么可以将他们作为元组输出

In [2]: try:
    ...:     x = input('enter the 1 num:')
    ...:     y = input('enter the 2 num:')
    ...:     type(x)
    ...:     print(int(y)/int(x))
    ...: except (EOFError,ZeroDivisionError,NameError,TypeError):
    ...:     print('try again')
    ...:
    ...:
enter the 1 num:0
enter the 2 num:4
try again

如果需要一个块捕捉多个类型异常，那么可以继续使用except Exception

In [3]: try:
    ...:     x = input('enter the 1 num:')
    ...:     y = input('enter the 2 num:')
    ...:     type(x)
    ...:     print(int(y)/int(x))
    ...: except ZeroDivisionError:
    ...:     print('Zero cant be division')
    ...: except Exception:
    ...:     print('other Error')
    ...:
    ...:
enter the 1 num:0
enter the 2 num:4
Zero cant be division

In [4]: try:
    ...:     x = input('enter the 1 num:')
    ...:     y = input('enter the 2 num:')
    ...:     type(x)
    ...:     print(int(y)/int(x))
    ...: except ZeroDivisionError:
    ...:     print('Zero cant be division')
    ...: except Exception:
    ...:     print('other Error')
    ...:
    ...:
enter the 1 num:d
enter the 2 num:2
other Error

6、捕获对象

记录异常的同时，程序不会中断停止

In [16]: try:
    ...:   print(2/'0')   # unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'str'
    ...: except (ZeroDivisionError,Exception) as e:
    ...:   print(e)

unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'str'

全捕获异常对象，那么使用except中忽略所有的异常类：

In [22]: try:
    ...:   print(2/'0')
    ...: except:
    ...:     print('xxxx')
    ...:
xxxx

如果没有异常出现，外加使用else语句实现

In [23]: try:
    ...:   print(2/1)
    ...: except:
    ...:     print('xxxx')
    ...: else:
    ...:     print('nothing')
    ...:
2.0
nothing

设定一个输入正确才break退出的程序：

In [26]: while True:
    ...:     try:
    ...:         x = input('enter the 1 num:')
    ...:         y = input('enter the 2 num:')
    ...:         type(x)
    ...:         print(int(y)/int(x))
    ...:     except ZeroDivisionError:
    ...:         print('Zero cant be division')
    ...:     except Exception:
    ...:         print('other Error')
    ...:     else:
    ...:         break
    ...:
    ...:
enter the 1 num:0
enter the 2 num:2
Zero cant be division
enter the 1 num:f
enter the 2 num:2
other Error
enter the 1 num:`
enter the 2 num:2
other Error
enter the 1 num:1
enter the 2 num:1
1.0

7、 finally子句

finally子句和try子句联合使用但是和except语句不同，finally不管try子句内部是否有异常发生，都会执行finally子句内的代码。
finally常用于关闭文件或者在Socket中。

In [21]: try:
    ...:    print(2/'0')
    ...: except (ZeroDivisionError,Exception):
    ...:    print('Error occur')
    ...: finally:
    ...:    print('异常已执行')
    ...:
Error occur
异常已执行

finally用于清洗异常

In [27]: x = None
    ...: try:
    ...:     x = 1/0
    ...: finally:
    ...:     print('清洗异常')
    ...:     del x
    ...:
清洗异常
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError                         Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-27-5a756a1da48a> in <module>()
      1 x = None
      2 try:
----> 3     x = 1/0
      4 finally:
      5     print('清洗异常')

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

In [28]: x
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-28-401b30e3b8b5> in <module>()
----> 1 x

NameError: name 'x' is not defined

or 继续定义 x =10:

In [29]: x = None
    ...: try:
    ...:     x = 1/0
    ...: finally:
    ...:     print('清洗异常')
    ...:     x = 10
    ...:
    ...:
清洗异常
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError                         Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-29-671ddcbf51b6> in <module>()
      1 x = None
      2 try:
----> 3     x = 1/0
      4 finally:
      5     print('清洗异常')

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

In [30]: x
Out[30]: 10

将try与except语句结合，得到捕获异常对象，并最终执行finally语句：

In [31]: x = None
    ...: try:
    ...:     x = 1/0
    ...: except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    ...:     print(e)
    ...: finally:
    ...:     print('清洗异常')
    ...:     x = 10
    ...:
    ...:
    ...:
division by zero
清洗异常

In [32]: x
Out[32]: 10