安卓平台OpenGL ES的调用

安卓平台OpenGL ES的调用

• 开发游戏如果直接使用OpenGL是比较痛苦的，最好的办法是使用封装好的引擎，但很有必要了解在安卓java代码直接调用OpenGL的渲染方法
• 固定渲染管线只可通过配置实现不同的效果，而可编程渲染管线通过一般编程的方式实现，可以实现更加灵活的效果

OpenGL ES

• OpenGL从3.0开始，而OpenGL ES从2.0开始，支持可编程管线
• 下图中橙色两块儿即为可编程部分，而顶点和片段着色器要相互配合好才能发挥最大性能
• 
  

• 一般通用编程模式为写好两个shader的代码，每次运行程序时即时编译运行

代码框架

• 在manifest中声明OpenGL ES <uses-feature android:glEsVersion="0x00020000" android:required="true" />
• 在入口Acitvity中需要使用GLSurfaceView作为主视图
• 在GLSurfaceView中可以扩展出一些其他函数，需要创建一个GLSurfaceView.Renderer的派生类对象负责显示
• GLSurfaceView.Renderer需要关注三个函数：
  • onSurfaceCreated：仅调用一次
  • onDrawFrame：每次显示都调用
  • onSurfaceChanged：view大小变化时调用

3D坐标变换

• 安卓同样有对应坐标变换的库Matrix
• MVP变换的实际乘法顺序是PVM
• V可以通过setLookAtM得到
• P则是orthoM frustumM/perspectiveM生成，其中perspectiveM是对frustumM的封装，只是在API Level 14后才存在
• M如果不是I的话，表明模型有位置偏移

使用shader画图

• 需要创建一个顶点shader、一个片段shader，以及一个program
• 通过glCreateShader可以创建一个shader，之后调用glShaderSource、glCompileShader分别设置shader代码和编译
• progam则通过glCreateProgram创建，调用glAttachShader添加这两个shader，调用glLinkProgram进行“链接”生成可执行指令，使用时要glUseProgram

示例代码

• OpenGLES20Activity.java

  package com.example.androiddeveloper;
  
  //import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarActivity;
  import android.os.Bundle;
  import android.view.Menu;
  import android.view.MenuItem;
  import android.view.MotionEvent;
  
  import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10;
  
  import android.app.Activity;
  import android.content.Context;
  import android.opengl.*;
  
  public class OpenGLES20Activity extends Activity {
  
      private GLSurfaceView mGLView;
  
      @Override
      public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
          super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
  
          // Create a GLSurfaceView instance and set it
          // as the ContentView for this Activity.
          mGLView = new MyGLSurfaceView(this);
          setContentView(mGLView);
      }
  }
  
  class MyGLSurfaceView extends GLSurfaceView {
  
      private final MyGLRenderer mRenderer;
  
      public MyGLSurfaceView(Context context){
          super(context);
  
          // Create an OpenGL ES 2.0 context
          setEGLContextClientVersion(2);
          //setRenderMode(GLSurfaceView.RENDERMODE_WHEN_DIRTY);
  
          mRenderer = new MyGLRenderer();
  
          // Set the Renderer for drawing on the GLSurfaceView
          setRenderer(mRenderer);
      }
  
      private final float TOUCH_SCALE_FACTOR = 180.0f / 320;
      private float mPreviousX;
      private float mPreviousY;
  
      @Override
      public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent e) {
          // MotionEvent reports input details from the touch screen
          // and other input controls. In this case, you are only
          // interested in events where the touch position changed.
  
          float x = e.getX();
          float y = e.getY();
  
          switch (e.getAction()) {
              case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE:
  
                  float dx = x - mPreviousX;
                  float dy = y - mPreviousY;
  
                  // reverse direction of rotation above the mid-line
                  if (y > getHeight() / 2) {
                    dx = dx * -1 ;
                  }
  
                  // reverse direction of rotation to left of the mid-line
                  if (x < getWidth() / 2) {
                    dy = dy * -1 ;
                  }
  
                  mRenderer.setAngle(
                          mRenderer.getAngle() +
                          ((dx + dy) * TOUCH_SCALE_FACTOR));
                  requestRender();
          }
  
          mPreviousX = x;
          mPreviousY = y;
          return true;
      }
  }
  

• MyGLRenderer.java

  package com.example.androiddeveloper;
  
  import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10;
  
  import android.opengl.GLES20;
  import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView;
  import android.opengl.Matrix;
  import android.os.SystemClock;
  
  public class MyGLRenderer implements GLSurfaceView.Renderer {
  
      private Triangle mTriangle;
  
      private final float[] mMVPMatrix = new float[16];
      private final float[] mProjectionMatrix = new float[16];
      private final float[] mViewMatrix = new float[16];
  
  
      public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 unused, javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGLConfig config) {
          // Set the background frame color
          GLES20.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
  
          mTriangle = new Triangle();
      }
  
      private float[] mRotationMatrix = new float[16];
      public void onDrawFrame(GL10 unused) {
          float[] scratch = new float[16];
          long time = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() % 4000L;
          float angle = 0.090f * ((int) time);
          Matrix.setRotateM(mRotationMatrix, 0, mAngle, 0, 0, -1.0f);
  
          GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
  
          Matrix.setLookAtM(mViewMatrix, 0, 0, 0, -3, 0f, 0f, 0f, 0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
          Matrix.multiplyMM(mMVPMatrix, 0, mProjectionMatrix, 0, mViewMatrix, 0);
  
  
          Matrix.multiplyMM(scratch, 0, mMVPMatrix, 0, mRotationMatrix, 0);
  
          mTriangle.draw(scratch);
      }
  
      public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 unused, int width, int height) {
          GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
  
  
  
          float ratio = (float) width / height;
          Matrix.frustumM(mProjectionMatrix, 0, -ratio, ratio, -1, 1, 3, 7);
      }
  
      public static int loadShader(int type, String shaderCode){
  
          // create a vertex shader type (GLES20.GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
          // or a fragment shader type (GLES20.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
          int shader = GLES20.glCreateShader(type);
  
          // add the source code to the shader and compile it
          GLES20.glShaderSource(shader, shaderCode);
          GLES20.glCompileShader(shader);
  
          return shader;
      }
  
      public volatile float mAngle;
  
      public float getAngle() {
          return mAngle;
      }
  
      public void setAngle(float angle) {
          mAngle = angle;
      }
  }
  

• Triangle.java

  package com.example.androiddeveloper;
  
  import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
  import java.nio.ByteOrder;
  import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
  
  import android.opengl.GLES20;
  
  public class Triangle {
  
      private FloatBuffer vertexBuffer;
  
      // number of coordinates per vertex in this array
      static final int COORDS_PER_VERTEX = 3;
      static float triangleCoords[] = {   // in counterclockwise order:
               0.0f,  0.622008459f, 0.0f, // top
              -0.5f, -0.311004243f, 0.0f, // bottom left
               0.5f, -0.311004243f, 0.0f  // bottom right
      };
  
      // Set color with red, green, blue and alpha (opacity) values
      float color[] = { 0.63671875f, 0.76953125f, 0.22265625f, 1.0f };
  
      private final int mProgram;
  
  
      public Triangle() {
          // initialize vertex byte buffer for shape coordinates
          ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(
                  // (number of coordinate values * 4 bytes per float)
                  triangleCoords.length * 4);
          // use the device hardware's native byte order
          bb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
  
          // create a floating point buffer from the ByteBuffer
          vertexBuffer = bb.asFloatBuffer();
          // add the coordinates to the FloatBuffer
          vertexBuffer.put(triangleCoords);
          // set the buffer to read the first coordinate
          vertexBuffer.position(0);
  
          int vertexShader = MyGLRenderer.loadShader(GLES20.GL_VERTEX_SHADER,
                  vertexShaderCode);
          int fragmentShader = MyGLRenderer.loadShader(GLES20.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER,
                          fragmentShaderCode);
  
          // create empty OpenGL ES Program
          mProgram = GLES20.glCreateProgram();
  
          // add the vertex shader to program
          GLES20.glAttachShader(mProgram, vertexShader);
  
          // add the fragment shader to program
          GLES20.glAttachShader(mProgram, fragmentShader);
  
          // creates OpenGL ES program executables
          GLES20.glLinkProgram(mProgram);
      }
  
      private final String vertexShaderCode =
          "uniform mat4 uMVPMatrix;" +
          "attribute vec4 vPosition;" +
          "void main() {" +
          "  gl_Position = uMVPMatrix * vPosition;" +
          "}";
  
      private final String fragmentShaderCode =
          "precision mediump float;" +
          "uniform vec4 vColor;" +
          "void main() {" +
          "  gl_FragColor = vColor;" +
          "}";
  
      private int mPositionHandle;
      private int mColorHandle;
  
      private final int vertexCount = triangleCoords.length / COORDS_PER_VERTEX;
      private final int vertexStride = COORDS_PER_VERTEX * 4; // 4 bytes per vertex
  
      private int mMVPMatrixHandle;
  
      public void draw(float[] mvpMatrix) {
          // Add program to OpenGL ES environment
          GLES20.glUseProgram(mProgram);
  
          // get handle to vertex shader's vPosition member
          mPositionHandle = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(mProgram, "vPosition");
  
          // Enable a handle to the triangle vertices
          GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(mPositionHandle);
  
          // Prepare the triangle coordinate data
          GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(mPositionHandle, COORDS_PER_VERTEX,
                                       GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false,
                                       vertexStride, vertexBuffer);
  
          // get handle to fragment shader's vColor member
          mColorHandle = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, "vColor");
  
          // Set color for drawing the triangle
          GLES20.glUniform4fv(mColorHandle, 1, color, 0);
  
          mMVPMatrixHandle = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, "uMVPMatrix");
          GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(mMVPMatrixHandle, 1, false, mvpMatrix, 0);
  
          // Draw the triangle
          GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLES, 0, vertexCount);
  
          // Disable vertex array
          GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(mPositionHandle);
      }
  }
  

作者Focustc，来自于 CSDN