C++ 算法测试

这篇博客探讨了两种高效的算法实现。第一部分介绍了一个在特殊排列的二维数组中查找特定整数的方法,利用了数组的有序特性来优化搜索过程。第二部分详细解释了如何在所有数字出现两次的数组中找出仅出现一次的两个数字,通过异或操作和位运算实现了O(n)的时间复杂度和O(1)的空间复杂度解决方案。
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1、在一个二维数组中(每个一维数组的长度相同),每一行都按照从左到右递增的顺序排序,每一列都按照从上到下递增的顺序排序。请完成一个函数,输入这样的一个二维数组和一个整数,判断数组中是否含有该整数。

bool find_target_from_two_dimensional_array(const int target, const std::vector<std::vector<int>>& array)
{
	size_t row{ array.size() };		// 二维数组行数
	if (0 == row)
	{
		return false;
	}
	size_t column = array[0].size();	// 二维数组列数
	if (0 == column)
	{
		return false;
	}

	size_t current_row{ 0 }; // 当前处理行数
	size_t current_column{ column - 1 }; // 当前处理列数
	while (current_row < row && current_column >= 0)
	{
		int value{ array[current_row][current_column] };
		if (value < target)
		{
			++current_row;
		}
		else if (value > target)
		{
			--current_column;
		}
		else
		{
			return true;
		}
	}
	return false;
}

2、一个整型数组里除了两个数字之外,其他的数字都出现了两次。请写程序找出这两个只出现一次的数字。要求时间复杂度为O(n),空间复杂度为O(1)。

//具体思路是:我们首先仍然从前向后依次异或数组中的数字,那么得到的结果是两个只出现一次的数字的异或结果,其他成对出现的数字被抵消了。由于这两个数字不同,所以异或结果肯定不为0,也就是这个异或结果一定至少有一位是1,我们在结果中找到第一个为1的位的位置,记为第n位。接下来,以第n位是不是1为标准,将数组分为两个子数组,第一个数组中第n位都是1,第二个数组中第n位都是0。这样,便实现了我们的目标。最后,两个子数组分别异或则可以找到只出现一次的数字。
//以{2,4,3,6,3,2,5,5}为例:我们依次对数组中的每个数字做异或运行之后,得到的结果用二进制表示是0010。异或得到结果中的倒数第二位是1,于是我们根据数字的倒数第二位是不是1分为两个子数组。第一个子数组{ 2,3,6,3,2 }中所有数字的倒数第二位都是1,而第二个子数组{ 4,5,5 }中所有数字的倒数第二位都是0。接下来只要分别两个子数组求异或,就能找到第一个子数组中只出现一次的数字是6,而第二个子数组中只出现一次的数字是4。

bool find_two_nums_appear_once(const vector<int>& array, int& num1, int& num2)
{
	if (array.size() < 2)
	{
		return false;
	}

	int sum = 0;
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < array.size(); ++i)
	{
		sum ^= array[i];
	}

	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(int)*8; ++i)
	{
		if (sum & (1 << i))
		{
			break;
		}
	}

	for (const auto value:array)
	{
		if (value & (1 << i))
		{
			num1 ^= value;
		}
		else
		{
			num2 ^= value;
		}
	}
	return true;
}

3、实现一个函数,将一个字符串中的每个空格替换成“%20”。例如,当字符串为We Are Happy.则经过替换之后的字符串为We%20Are%20Happy.

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Practice 1 Date: Monday, March 18th, 2013 We highly encourage being environment friendly and trying all problems on your own. Implement exercise 2.3-7. Implement priority queue. Implement Quicksort and answer the following questions. (1) How many comparisons will Quicksort do on a list of n elements that all have the same value? (2) What are the maximum and minimum number of comparisons will Quicksort do on a list of n elements, give an instance for maximum and minimum case respectively. Give a divide and conquer algorithm for the following problem: you are given two sorted lists of size m and n, and are allowed unit time access to the ith element of each list. Give an O(lg m + lgn) time algorithm for computing the kth largest element in the union of the two lists. (For simplicity, you can assume that the elements of the two lists are distinct). Practice 2 Date: Monday, April 1st, 2013 We highly encourage being environment friendly and trying all problems on your own. Matrix-chain product. The following are some instances. Longest Common Subsequence (LCS). The following are some instances. X: xzyzzyx Y: zxyyzxz X:MAEEEVAKLEKHLMLLRQEYVKLQKKLAETEKRCALLAAQANKESSSESFISRLLAIVAD Y:MAEEEVAKLEKHLMLLRQEYVKLQKKLAETEKRCTLLAAQANKENSNESFISRLLAIVAG Longest Common Substring. The following are some instances. X: xzyzzyx Y: zxyyzxz X:MAEEEVAKLEKHLMLLRQEYVKLQKKLAETEKRCALLAAQANKESSSESFISRLLAIVAD Y:MAEEEVAKLEKHLMLLRQEYVKLQKKLAETEKRCTLLAAQANKENSNESFISRLLAIVAG Max Sum. The following is an instance. (-2,11,-4,13,-5,-2) Shortest path in multistage graphs. Find the shortest path from 0 to 15 for the following graph.   A multistage graph is a graph (1) G=(V,E) with V partitioned into K >= 2 disjoint subsets such that if (a,b) is in E, then a is in Vi , and b is in Vi+1 for some subsets in the partition; and (2) | V1 | = | VK | = 1.     Practice 3 Date: Monday, April 15th, 2013 We highly encourage being environment friendly and trying all problems on your own. Knapsack Problem. There are 5 items that have a value and weight list below, the knapsack can contain at most 100 Lbs. Solve the problem both as fractional knapsack and 0/1 knapsack. A simple scheduling problem. We are given jobs j1, j2… jn, all with known running times t1, t2… tn, respectively. We have a single processor. What is the best way to schedule these jobs in order to minimize the average completion time. Assume that it is a nonpreemptive scheduling: once a job is started, it must run to completion. The following is an instance. (j1, j2, j3, j4) : (15,8,3,10) Single-source shortest paths. The following is the adjacency matrix, vertex A is the source.  A B C D E A -1 3 B 3 2 2 C D 1 5 E -3 All-pairs shortest paths. The adjacency matrix is as same as that of problem 3.(Use Floyd or Johnson’s algorithm)     Practice 4 Date: Monday, May 8th, 2013 We highly encourage being environment friendly and trying all problems on your own. 0/1 Knapsack Problem. There are 5 items that have a value and weight list below, the knapsack can contain at most 100 Lbs. Solve the problem using back-tracking algorithm and try to draw the tree generated. Solve the 8-Queen problem using back-tracking algorithm.    
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