Linux shell 基础知识

最新推荐文章于 2023-04-11 16:45:47 发布

chenglangku0236

最新推荐文章于 2023-04-11 16:45:47 发布

阅读量195

点赞数

文章标签： shell 操作系统运维

原文链接：https://my.oschina.net/u/3706694/blog/1574417

版权

8.1、shell介绍

Linux shell基础
什么是shell

shell是一个命令解释器，提供用户和机器之间的交互
支持特定语法，比如逻辑判断、循环
每个用户都可以有自己特定的shell
centos7默认shell为bash（bourne agin shell）
还有zsh、ksh等

1. [root@localhost ~]# yum list |grep zsh
	2. autojump-zsh.noarch                     22.3.0-3.el7                   epel     
	3. zsh.x86_64                              5.0.2-28.el7                   base     
	4. zsh-html.x86_64                         5.0.2-28.el7                   base     
	5. zsh-lovers.noarch                       0.9.0-1.el7                    epel     
	6. [root@localhost ~]# yum list |grep ksh
	7. ksh.x86_64                              20120801-34.el7                base     
	8. mksh.x86_64                             46-5.el7                       base     
	9. python-XStatic-Rickshaw.noarch          1.5.0.0-4.el7                  epel     
	10. python-moksha-common.noarch             1.2.3-2.el7                    epel     
	11. python-moksha-hub.noarch                1.5.3-2.el7                    epel     
	12. python-moksha-wsgi.noarch               1.2.2-2.el7                    epel     
	13. [root@localhost ~]#

8.2、命令历史

history命令
.bash_history
最大1000条命令
变量HISTSIZE
/etc/profile中修改
HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y%m%d %H:%M:%S"
永久保存chattr +a ~/.bash_history
!!
!n
!word

1. [root@localhost ~]# echo $HISTSIZE
	2. 1000
	3. [root@localhost ~]#

history -c只清空内存中的命令，不会删除存命令的配置文件
当前输入的命令是不会被直接存放在配置文件中，只有退出当前命令终端后，才会被写入配置文件；
环境变量HISTSIZE配置存放在/etc/profile里

1. [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/profile
	2. 

	3. # /etc/profile
	4. 

	5. # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
	6. # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc
	7. 

	8. # It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
	9. # are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
	10. # /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
	11. # will prevent the need for merging in future updates.
	12. 

	13. pathmunge () {
	14.     case ":${PATH}:" in
	15.         *:"$1":*)
	16.             ;;
	17.         *)
	18.             if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
	19.                 PATH=$PATH:$1
	20.             else
	21.                 PATH=$1:$PATH
	22.             fi
	23.     esac
	24. }
	25. 

	26. 

	27. if [ -x /usr/bin/id ]; then
	28.     if [ -z "$EUID" ]; then
	29.         # ksh workaround
	30.         EUID=`/usr/bin/id -u`
	31.         UID=`/usr/bin/id -ru`
	32.     fi
	33.     USER="`/usr/bin/id -un`"
	34.     LOGNAME=$USER
	35.     MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER"
	36. fi
	37. 

	38. # Path manipulation
	39. if [ "$EUID" = "0" ]; then
	40.     pathmunge /usr/sbin
	41.     pathmunge /usr/local/sbin
	42. else
	43.     pathmunge /usr/local/sbin after
	44.     pathmunge /usr/sbin after
	45. fi
	46. 

	47. HOSTNAME=`/usr/bin/hostname 2>/dev/null`
	48. HISTSIZE=2000                                                 //此处可以更改history的最大记录数量
	49. if [ "$HISTCONTROL" = "ignorespace" ] ; then
	50.     export HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
	51. else
	52.     export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
	53. fi
	54. 

	55. export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL
	56. 

	57. # By default, we want umask to get set. This sets it for login shell
	58. # Current threshold for system reserved uid/gids is 200
	59. # You could check uidgid reservation validity in
	60. # /usr/share/doc/setup-*/uidgid file
	61. if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`/usr/bin/id -gn`" = "`/usr/bin/id -un`" ]; then
	62.     umask 002
	63. else
	64.     umask 022
	65. fi
	66. 

	67. for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
	68.     if [ -r "$i" ]; then
	69.         if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then
	70.             . "$i"
	71.         else
	72.             . "$i" >/dev/null
	73.         fi
	74.     fi
	75. done
	76. 

	77. unset i
	78. unset -f pathmunge
	79. [root@localhost ~]# echo $HISTSIZE
	80. 2000
	81. [root@localhost ~]#

source /etc/profile可以直接是命令生效（HISTSIZE=5000）

1. [root@localhost ~]# HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S"    //临时生效
	2. [root@localhost ~]# echo $HISTTIMEFORMAT
	3. %Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S
	4. [root@localhost ~]#    
	5. [root@localhost ~]# history
	6.     1  2017/11/15 21:14:28history
	7.     2  2017/11/15 21:14:28vim /etc/profile
	8.     3  2017/11/15 21:14:50echo $HISTSIZE
	9.     4  2017/11/15 21:16:20vi /etc/profile
	10.     5  2017/11/15 21:16:49echo HISTSIZE
	11.     6  2017/11/15 21:16:56echo $HISTSIZE
	12.     7  2017/11/15 21:17:06source /etc/profile
	13.     8  2017/11/15 21:17:09@e
	14.     9  2017/11/15 21:17:13echo $HISTSIZE
	15.    10  2017/11/15 21:18:55history
	16.    11  2017/11/15 21:19:15echo $HISTSIZE
	17.    12  2017/11/15 21:21:06HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S"
	18.    13  2017/11/15 21:21:22echo HISTTIMEFORMAT
	19.    14  2017/11/15 21:21:34echo $HISTTIMEFORMAT
	20.    15  2017/11/15 21:23:09history
	21. [root@localhost ~]#

历史记录有时间显示了。
如果需要永久生效，只要在环境变量/etc/profile里面加入 HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S" 即可
永久保存历史命令不被删除，chattr +a ~/.bash_history //直接关闭命令窗口则不被记录为历史命令
!!执行上一条命令
!n(n是指数字)
!echo，从后面往前找，第一个echo开头的命令

8.3、命令补全和别名

tab键，敲一下，敲两下
参数补全，安装bash-completion
alias别名给命令重新起名字
各用户都有自己配置别名的文件~/.bashrc
ls /etc/profile.d/
自定义的alias放到~/.bashrc
安装命令补全：yum install -y bash-completion就可用tab补全后面的命令参数

1. [root@localhost ~]# alias restartnet='systemctl restart network.service'

取消别名：unalias restartnet

1. [root@localhost ~]# vi .bashrc 
	2. [root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/profile.d/
	3. [root@localhost profile.d]# ls
	4. 256term.csh  bash_completion.sh  colorgrep.sh  colorls.sh  lang.sh   less.sh  vim.sh      which2.sh
	5. 256term.sh   colorgrep.csh       colorls.csh   lang.csh    less.csh  vim.csh  which2.csh
	6. [root@localhost profile.d]# cat colorgrep.sh 
	7. # color-grep initialization
	8. /usr/libexec/grepconf.sh -c || return
	9. alias grep='grep --color=auto' 2>/dev/null
	10. alias egrep='egrep --color=auto' 2>/dev/null
	11. alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' 2>/dev/null
	12. [root@localhost profile.d]# cat colorls.sh
	13. # color-ls initialization
	14. # Skip all for noninteractive shells.
	15. [ ! -t 0 ] && return
	16. #when USER_LS_COLORS defined do not override user LS_COLORS, but use them.
	17. if [ -z "$USER_LS_COLORS" ]; then
	18.   alias ll='ls -l' 2>/dev/null
	19.   alias l.='ls -d .*' 2>/dev/null
	20.   INCLUDE=
	21.   COLORS=
	22.   for colors in "$HOME/.dir_colors.$TERM" "$HOME/.dircolors.$TERM" \
	23.       "$HOME/.dir_colors" "$HOME/.dircolors"; do
	24.     [ -e "$colors" ] && COLORS="$colors" && \
	25.     INCLUDE="`/usr/bin/cat "$COLORS" | /usr/bin/grep '^INCLUDE' | /usr/bin/cut -d ' ' -f2-`" && \
	26.     break
	27.   done
	28.   [ -z "$COLORS" ] && [ -e "/etc/DIR_COLORS.$TERM" ] && \
	29.   COLORS="/etc/DIR_COLORS.$TERM"
	30. 

	31.   [ -z "$COLORS" ] && [ -e "/etc/DIR_COLORS.256color" ] && \
	32.   [ "x`/usr/bin/tty -s && /usr/bin/tput colors 2>/dev/null`" = "x256" ] && \
	33.   COLORS="/etc/DIR_COLORS.256color"
	34.   [ -z "$COLORS" ] && [ -e "/etc/DIR_COLORS" ] && \
	35.   COLORS="/etc/DIR_COLORS"
	36.   # Existence of $COLORS already checked above.
	37.   [ -n "$COLORS" ] || return
	38.   if [ -e "$INCLUDE" ];
	39.   then
	40.     TMP="`/usr/bin/mktemp .colorlsXXX -q --tmpdir=/tmp`"
	41.     [ -z "$TMP" ] && return
	42.     /usr/bin/cat "$INCLUDE" >> $TMP
	43.     /usr/bin/grep -v '^INCLUDE' "$COLORS" >> $TMP
	44.     eval "`/usr/bin/dircolors --sh $TMP 2>/dev/null`"
	45.     /usr/bin/rm -f $TMP
	46.   else
	47.     eval "`/usr/bin/dircolors --sh $COLORS 2>/dev/null`"
	48.   fi
	49.   [ -z "$LS_COLORS" ] && return
	50.   /usr/bin/grep -qi "^COLOR.*none" $COLORS >/dev/null 2>/dev/null && return
	51. fi
	52. unset TMP COLORS INCLUDE
	53. alias ll='ls -l --color=auto' 2>/dev/null
	54. alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto' 2>/dev/null
	55. alias ls='ls --color=auto' 2>/dev/null
	56. [root@localhost profile.d]#

8.4、通配符

ls *.txt
ls ?.txt
ls [0-9].txt
ls [1,2].txt
cat 1.txt >2.txt
cat 1.txt >>2.txt
ls aaa.txt 2>err
ls aaa.txt 2>>err
wc -l < 1.txt
command > 1.txt 2>&1

1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# ls *.txt
	2. 1_heard.txt  1_sorft.txt  1.txt  passwd.txt  学习计划安排.txt

8.5、输入输出重定向

cat 1.txt >2.txt //输出
cat 1.txt >>2.txt //追加重定向
cat 1.txt 2>2.txt //错误重定向
cat 1.txt 2>>2.txt //错误追加重定向
错误和正确都输出>+2> == &>

1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# ls *.txt 999.sh &> 11.txt
	2. [root@centos7-01 ~]# cat 11.txt
	3. ls: 无法访问999.sh: 没有那个文件或目录
	4. 1_heard.txt
	5. 1_sorft.txt
	6. 1.txt
	7. a.txt
	8. passwd.txt
	9. 学习计划安排.txt
	10. [root@centos7-01 ~]#

1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# ls *.txt 123.sh > b.txt 2>c.txt
	2. [root@centos7-01 ~]# cat b.txt
	3. 11.txt
	4. 1_heard.txt
	5. 1_sorft.txt
	6. 1.txt
	7. a.txt
	8. passwd.txt
	9. 学习计划安排.txt
	10. [root@centos7-01 ~]# cat c.txt
	11. ls: 无法访问123.sh: 没有那个文件或目录
	12. [root@centos7-01 ~]#

输入重定向
wc -l < 1.txt

	1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# wc -l < a.txt
	2. 2
	3. [root@centos7-01 ~]# less -n2  < 1.txt
	4. [root@centos7-01 ~]#

转载于:https://my.oschina.net/u/3706694/blog/1574417

chenglangku0236

关注

0
点赞
踩
0

收藏

觉得还不错? 一键收藏
0
评论
Linux shell 基础知识

8.1、shell介绍Linux shell基础什么是shellshell是一个命令解释器，提供用户和机器之间的交互支持特定语法，比如逻辑判断、循环每个用户都可以有自己特定的shellcentos7默认shell为bash（bourne agin shell）还有z...
复制链接

扫一扫