开发环境: window10, QT5.13.1
C++ const 允许指定一个语义约束,编译器会强制实施这个约束,允许程序员告诉编译器某值是保持不变的。如果在编程中确实有某个值保持不变,就应该明确使用const,这样可以获得编译器的帮助。
1.const 修饰成员变量
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a1 = 3;//非const数据
const int a2 = a1;//const数据
cout << "a1 = " << a1 << " a2 = " << a2 << endl;
a1 = 5;
//a2 = 4;// error: cannot assign to variable 'a2' with const-qualified type 'const int'
cout << "a1 = " << a1 << " a2 = " << a2 << endl;
cout << "=======================================" << endl;
int *a3 = &a1; //非const数据,非const指针
cout << "*a3 = " << *a3 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
a1 = 6;
cout << "*a3 = " << *a3 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
*a3 = 7;
cout << "*a3 = " << *a3 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
cout << "=======================================" << endl;
const int *a4 = &a1;//const数据,非const指针
cout << "*a4 = " << *a4 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
a1 = 8;
cout << "*a4 = " << *a4 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
//*a4 = 9;//error: assignment of read-only location '* a4'
int na4 = 10;
a4 = &na4;//可以修改a4指针,不可以修改a4指向的值,即不能使用*a4 = 9这个赋值方式
cout << "*a4 = " << *a4 << " a1 = " << a1 << " na4 = " << na4 << endl;
int *pa4 = &na4;
na4 = 9;
a4 = pa4;
cout << "*a4 = " << *a4 << " *pa4 = " << *pa4 << " na4 = " << na4 << endl;
cout << "=======================================" << endl;
int *const a5 = &a1;
cout << "*a5 = " << *a5 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
*a5 = 11;
cout << "*a5 = " << *a5 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
//a5 = pa4;//error: assignment of read-only variable 'a5' a5是const指针,不能修改
cout << "=======================================" << endl;
int const * const a6 = &a1;
cout << "*a6 = " << *a6 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
a1 = 12;
cout << "*a6 = " << *a6 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
//*a6 = 13;//error: read-only variable is not assignable 只读变量不可分配
//a6 = pa4;//error: assignment of read-only variable 'a6' 分配了只读变量a6
cout << "=======================================" << endl;
const int * const a7 = &a1;
cout << "*a7 = " << *a7 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
a1 = 15;
cout << "*a7 = " << *a7 << " a1 = " << a1 << endl;
//*a7 = 18;//error: read-only variable is not assignable 只读变量不可分配
//a7 = pa4;//error: assignment of read-only variable 'a7' 分配了只读变量a7
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
return 0;
}
const修饰普通变量时,表示该变量是不可修改的,例如a2.
const修饰指针变量时:
(1)只有一个const,如果const位于*左侧,表示指针所指数据是常量,不能通过解引用修改该数据;指针本身是变量,可以指向其他的内存单元。
(2)只有一个const,如果const位于*右侧,表示指针本身是常量,不能指向其他内存地址;指针所指的数据可以通过解引用修改。
(3)两个const,*左右各一个,表示指针和指针所指数据都不能修改。
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2.const修饰函数参数
传递过来的参数在函数内不可以改变,与上面修饰变量时的性质一样。
void testModifyConst(const int num)
{
//num = 54;//error: assignment of read-only parameter 'num'
}
void testModifyParam(int num)
{
num = 54;//OK
}
3.const修饰成员函数
(1)const修饰的成员函数不能修改任何的成员变量(mutable修饰的变量除外)
(2)const成员函数不能调用非onst成员函数,因为非const成员函数可以会修改成员变量
class Person
{
public:
Person(int age):
m_age(age)
{
}
void modifyConstFunction(int age) const
{
//m_age = age;//错误,在const成员函数中,不能修改任何类成员变量
//modifyAge(age);//错误,const成员函数不能调用非const成员函数,因为非const成员函数可以修改成员变量
cout << "age=================" << age << endl;
}
void modifyAge(int age)
{
m_age = age;
}
private:
int m_age;
};
4.const修饰函数返回值
(1)指针传递
如果返回const data,non-const pointer,返回值也必须赋给const data,non-const pointer。因为指针指向的数据是常量不能修改。
const int *mallocInt()//const数据,非const指针
{
int *num = new int(2);
cout << "*num==" << *num << " sizeof(*num)=" << sizeof(*num) << endl;
return num;
}
int main()
{
const int *n = mallocInt();
cout << "*n=====" << *n << " sizeof(int)=" << sizeof(int) << endl;
//int *b = mallocInt();//error: invalid conversion from 'const int*' to 'int*' [-fpermissive]
int aa = 23;
n = &aa;
cout << "*n=====" << *n << " sizeof(int)=" << sizeof(int) << endl << endl;
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
return 0;
}
(2)值传递
如果函数返回值采用“值传递方式”,由于函数会把返回值复制到外部临时的存储单元中,加const 修饰没有任何价值。所以,对于值传递来说,加const没有太多意义。
所以:
不要把函数int GetInt(void) 写成const int GetInt(void)。
不要把函数A GetA(void) 写成const A GetA(void),其中A 为用户自定义的数据类型。
在编程中要尽可能多的使用const,这样可以获得编译器的帮助,以便写出健壮性的代码。