Git的使用

• 一：切换git版本：
  1.查看所有版本
  which –a git
  
  2.查看当前使用的是哪个版本
  git –version
  
  可以看到当前使用的是1.9.3版本
  3切换到我们想用的版本：
  首先输入 vim .bash_profile
  然后要path环境指向想用的版本的bin路径
  再然后输入 source .bash_profile
  最后再 git –version 查看版本
• 二：指定库的路径（改变路径）
  定位到你所指定的文件
  输入：cd D:\EWork/AAS/Egit
  即为定位到D盘，EWok目录下的AAS目录下的Egit文件夹
• 三：创建本地git库（承接二）
  使用init命令直接初始化一个库文件，如下：
  git init （表示在Egit文件夹下直接初始化一个git库）
  git init onepro (表示在Egit文件夹下初始化一个onepro的git库)
  在git 库的根目录下会生成一个.git文件夹

• 四：git的自动补全与提示功能
  在win在git bash命令窗口中 需要提示时，按下tab键即可

• 五：下载使用git源码
  下载中。。。

• 六：git的工作流程
  1.创建git工作库，请看第三
  2.创建一个文件
  先定位到git库，然后输入：
  touch a 即创建了一个a文件
  3.将a文件提交到暂存区
  git add a (如果是多个文件用空格隔开)
  4.查看暂存区中待提交文件的状态
  git status
  5.提交a 文件到历史记录
  git commit -m “这里写你的提交说明”
  6.修改a 文件
  vim a ,然后在出现的命令窗口中随便输入一些内容
  7.那么怎么退出执行vim a 之后的窗口呢？
  如果是输入状态，首先Esc退出输入状态，然后Shift+；，再输入q!或者是wq!(q!是不保存修改，wq!是保存修改)，按Ent即可退出，所有的同理
  8.修改之后，我们在看一下
  git status
  我们会看到提示，Changes not staged for commit:
  意思很明白，修改还没有被commit，那么我们再 git add a 将a添加到暂存区，然后git commit -m “提交a 的修改”,即可将a提交成功
  9.删除a 文件
  git rm a （当git commit 这个命令会把工作区和暂存区的a文件同时删除，所以谨慎使用）
  10.还原被删除a文件
  当我们使用git reset HEAD a 的时候，我们发现，并不能恢复a,那么我们使用git checkout a ,然后再git ls，发现a已经恢复了
  11.只删除暂存区的文件
  git rm –cach a
  12.将 a 文件重命名为c
  git mv a c (工作的原理是：在工作区把原有的文件移动或者重命名，在暂存区中将原有的文件删除，在把工作区中的文件添加到暂存区 git add a c )
  13.把某个工作区，例如A都添加到暂存区
  git add -A
  14.忽略添加某些文件
  在顶层目录下创建.gitignore文件
  vim .gitignore
  在新窗口中编辑需要忽略的文件，例如：
  *，[oa] :忽略以.o .a 结尾的文件
  build/ 忽略build目录的文件
  .gradle
  /local.properties
  /.idea/workspace.xml
  /.idea/libraries
  .DS_Store
  /build
  /captures
  15.将gitignore 文件添加到仓库中，用于忽略共享
  git add .gitignore
  git commit -m “add .gitignore”

• 七：Git分支与合并

  • 查看所有的分支

  git branch -a

  • 切换分支
    比如切换到分支one

  git checkout one

  • 删除分支
    删除本地分支 one

    git branch -d one

    删除远程hotfix分支

    git push origin --delete hotfix

---

• branch
  git branch 查看本地所有分支
  git branch -a 查看所有分支，包括本地和远程
  git branch -r 查看远程所有分支
  git branch newBranchName 本地创建新分支
  git branch -d branchName 本地删除branchName分支
  git branch -D branchName 强制删除本地未merge的分支
  git branch -m branchName NewName 重命名本地branchName为NewName
  git branch --set-upstream master origin/branchName设置本地master分支追踪远程branchName分支，这样手动建立分支之间的关系，当pull的时候就可以省略远程分支名
• checkout
  git checkout -b branchName 本地创建并切换到branchName分支
  git checkout origin/remoteName -b localName或者git checkout -b localName origin/remoteName 当远程存在remoteName 分支时，可以使用这个代码创建本地localName分支，并与远程remoteName关联,remoteName:远程分支名，localName:本地分支名。
• merge
  git merge branchName 将本地branchName 分支合并到本地当前分支
• pull
  git pull 当 git fetch 命令从服务器上抓取本地没有的数据时，它并不会修改工作目录中的内容。 它只会获取数据然后让你自己合并。 然而，有一个命令叫作 git pull 在大多数情况下它的含义是一个 git fetch 紧接着一个 git merge 命令
• push
  git push remoteServerName localBranchName 将本地分支localBranchName推送到remoteServerName 服务器，并在远程创建分支名为localBranchName的分支
  git push remoteServerName localBranchName:remoteBranchName 将本地分支localBranchName推送到remoteServerName 服务器，并在远程创建分支名为remoteBranchName的分支
• fetch
  git fetch remoteServerName 将远程服务器为remoteServerName 的数据同步到本地，注意：代码并没有发生合并
• 版本回退
  sourceTree 中 revert 译为提交回滚，作用为忽略你指定的版本，然后提交一个新的版本。新的版本中已近删除了你所指定的版本。
  reset 为 重置到这次提交，将内容重置到指定的版本。git reset 命令后面是需要加2种参数的：–-hard 和 –-soft。这条命令默认情况下是 -–soft。
  执行上述命令时，这该条commit号之 后（时间作为参考点）的所有commit的修改都会退回到git缓冲区中。使用git status 命令可以在缓冲区中看到这些修改。而如果加上-–hard参数，则缓冲区中不会存储这些修改，git会直接丢弃这部分内容。可以使用 git push origin HEAD –force 强制将分区内容推送到远程服务器。
  参考：https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/Git-%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7-%E9%87%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%8F%AD%E5%AF%86 ；
  https://github.com/geeeeeeeeek/git-recipes/wiki/5.2-%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%9B%9E%E6%BB%9A%EF%BC%9AReset%E3%80%81Checkout%E3%80%81Revert-%E7%9A%84%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9 ；
  https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000002898735
• git 查找并删除大文件
  
  • git gc:
    Git中的gc（garbage collect）功能，也就是垃圾回收功能。大体来说，当运行 “git gc” 命令时，Git会收集所有松散对象并将它们存入 pack file，合并这些 pack file 进一个大的 pack file，然后将不被任何 commit 引用并且已存在一段时间 (数月) 的对象删除。 此外，Git还会将所有引用 (references) 并入一个单独文件。
  • 要想删除大文件就要知道哪些文件比较大，步骤如下：
    
    • 看下数据库占用了多少空间：
      git gc
      或者:git count-objects -v来快速查看占用的空间
      size-pack:的数值是包文件以kb(千字节)为单位计算的大小。
    • 查看索引文件的名称：
      $ find .git/objects/ -type f 找到.idx对象。
      Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ find .git/objects/ -type f
.git/objects/06/be1a485e080818594c6ac342a99bacdc22e870
.git/objects/2c/a6c63d9eb89e69a76d38412316db13288870bf
.git/objects/3b/21e9171557df2341b4198e602c4ca90bdf9274
.git/objects/40/f8ce830f92788d2aa6748fa1068c5252ae16f1
.git/objects/5c/6a31b9a6b1eb205dc2126d14a12a926f0e9582
.git/objects/66/63417387186caf71636cb7e9e67b01fdb98de3
.git/objects/67/6f8518e781527c727e8d24d03574fe5cee483d
.git/objects/6e/4b21ce67caac32a2ad4a965a256c8f631814c8
.git/objects/7e/42c13b0d9d4a0c22adea21f12c9c1152eeb257
.git/objects/96/43cace31e9e7b30a0bc5ff2be950c399c3f581
.git/objects/a8/c394b7bf29b5d705935e0b1de69624f1fba548
.git/objects/info/packs
.git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.idx
.git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.pack
    • 查看索引对象中文件的大小：用上面找到的.idx对象执行下面的命令：
      git verify-pack -v .git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.idx查看所有信息，
      或者$ git verify-pack -v .git/objects/pack/pack389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.idx | sort -k 3 -n | tail -3
      找出占用空间比较大的三个对象，以byte(字节)为单位。
      Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git verify-pack -v .git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.idx | sort -k 3 -n | tail -3
34947cd6bbf9c729be83edc96ad08a1d42b82bc9 blob 14696 14675 74298
13372aef5e24af05341d49695ee84e5f9b594659 blob 53636 48185 90738
25b0c9017c0200cbd40ee409d46bd42151737e1b blob 106266108 104871644 146696
    • 找到具体是哪个文件：
      $ git rev-list –objects –all | grep 25b0c9
      Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git rev-list --objects --all | grep 25b0c9
25b0c9017c0200cbd40ee409d46bd42151737e1b QYD_Client_Android.rar
    • 查看哪些提交对这个文件产生改动
      $ git log –oneline –branches – QYD_Client_Android.rar
      Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git log --oneline --branches -- QYD_Client_Android.rar
554f70e hha
f235317 (develop) 添加项目压缩包
    • 重写f235317提交之后的所有提交来从git历史中完全移除这个文件。
      $ git filter-branch –index-filter ‘git rm –ignore-unmatch –cached QYD_Client_Android.rar’ – f235317^..
      Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --ignore-unmatch --cached QYD_Client_Android.rar' -- f235317^..
Rewrite f2353177b12f419dc1e4736d973ec69c0f646183 (1/4) (0 seconds passed, remaining 0 predicted) rm 'QYD_Client_Android.rar'
Rewrite 429e335d0001a500cffef5f563f23507605748da (3/4) (1 seconds passed, remaining 0 predicted)
Ref 'refs/heads/master' was rewritten
    • 移除引用日志和.git/refs/original对这个文件的引用,然后重新打包数据库
      rm -Rf .git/refs/original
      $rm -Rf .git/logs/$ git gc
      Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git gc
Counting objects: 193, done.
Delta compression using up to 16 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (101/101), done.
Writing objects: 100% (193/193), done.
Total 193 (delta 54), reused 181 (delta 48)
      好像更多了。。。不知道怎么回事，但是提交的时候确实是快了很多很多

整个流程

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git gc
Counting objects: 187, done.
Delta compression using up to 16 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (143/143), done.
Writing objects: 100% (187/187), done.
Total 187 (delta 48), reused 0 (delta 0)

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git count-objects -v
count: 11
size: 12
in-pack: 187
packs: 1
size-pack: 102570
prune-packable: 0
garbage: 0
size-garbage: 0

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ find .git/objects/ -type f
.git/objects/06/be1a485e080818594c6ac342a99bacdc22e870
.git/objects/2c/a6c63d9eb89e69a76d38412316db13288870bf
.git/objects/3b/21e9171557df2341b4198e602c4ca90bdf9274
.git/objects/40/f8ce830f92788d2aa6748fa1068c5252ae16f1
.git/objects/5c/6a31b9a6b1eb205dc2126d14a12a926f0e9582
.git/objects/66/63417387186caf71636cb7e9e67b01fdb98de3
.git/objects/67/6f8518e781527c727e8d24d03574fe5cee483d
.git/objects/6e/4b21ce67caac32a2ad4a965a256c8f631814c8
.git/objects/7e/42c13b0d9d4a0c22adea21f12c9c1152eeb257
.git/objects/96/43cace31e9e7b30a0bc5ff2be950c399c3f581
.git/objects/a8/c394b7bf29b5d705935e0b1de69624f1fba548
.git/objects/info/packs
.git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.idx
.git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.pack

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git count-objects -v
count: 11
size: 12
in-pack: 187
packs: 1
size-pack: 102570
prune-packable: 0
garbage: 0
size-garbage: 0

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git verify-pack -v .git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.idx
5e37e9c3050aef19cea40e374aad16ca0e40aad0 commit 227 170 12
554f70ee650dc4aa1d4e101b11da6515a7699960 commit 212 143 182
f2353177b12f419dc1e4736d973ec69c0f646183 commit 230 181 325
d7ca6e17b0869e1c58ac18ab6942f62578668d51 commit 221 162 506
6f7748bd71174a58b1af5af4b109c549f4f8c157 commit 222 164 668
180ef39cd3449f118b0defb1acaf0ee63039d63c commit 212 143 832
4abd703c6443d16d51f42edeb42b15bcc0b1a840 commit 221 164 975
0729cd55c02005d53cec63099d4f329ba41b17e5 commit 192 126 1139
9d15ef26238f885a99a2432773f1cf43bd896d9b blob   142 123 1265
796b96d1c402326528b4ba3c12ee9d92d0e212e9 blob   7 16 1388
3a193883e2be545c87f803c302413bff32efabf4 blob   1100 506 1404
ae36048527aa5ff8d6d4d159015f044c18a4bf9e blob   939 528 1910
e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 blob   0 9 2438
ee5859c62f250b6cf672f18e6f03efac47124530 blob   9428 4702 2447
7a9124371871ef619a68e0e5e204005a567a623a blob   132 107 7149
6f4211285fd4b8dca26576d8b86aeed8949b6a38 blob   3586 1811 7256
72fb331d9c4b10c5ec66adbab11204ce6485439e blob   738 381 9067
db06ce456b72a9c04a926e9cffda14243e6e4bff blob   841 358 9448
20e9e69a871437308ad3e560d1bbd360c8668e19 blob   228 169 9806
fb9e3aa497d586282c8a60ed2716134e47d78506 blob   635 323 9975
3a9aeb9a970c26d4a7d560ac94e043bc2858b9f5 blob   4813 1149 10298
3aa76af8758c5596e3b73a2aaab12c5e61acd30e blob   498 284 11447
1cfaa4cd7da704c1293fa1bad678ed3f717874af blob   944 447 11731
3f688c795aaa4933d6733e819728f4e26052ec53 blob   3804 1269 12178
026cd572f33d4bd7135eca3b4e72029f0a88d524 blob   1191 583 13447
ea6c8d52f2272961a0358ce4e71d82455b3eb4a6 blob   1941 806 14030
b86860cabf3b6001671a90959c6610a67ebe326e blob   6216 2054 14836
ec1c3ed4f29abe9005f6b51fe8fde1628a8dbcdc blob   1915 1928 16890
db8b80d96e75c2734aebdcda67ecc5aa61d67542 blob   1409 1106 18818
2c227ca64419031564feb81402699644ad9ecfb9 blob   958 325 19924
3ebfcecc42c82c4cb6a4709f6e36374db671b89d blob   511 190 20249
e6967721d16820129af907eb69909c190ada28bd blob   153 124 20439
7d5cfbe417ca646b14b925996e40cc13f5f018ac blob   162 133 20563
0841bedfdcec7e92ec36dfe83055e6204ba3ed89 blob   892 347 20696
a10d64db79e2f1fbe91ef7cf87b01e5478876034 blob   75 72 21043 1 0841bedfdcec7e92ec36dfe83055e6204ba3ed89
a924312efd92a7aac1cf0bc431eea7e4ef950624 blob   1500 469 21115
a28382a240dc6bd38747b30440690c11c44378cb blob   19 31 21584 1 a924312efd92a7aac1cf0bc431eea7e4ef950624
fb3d8a258054c81b274252adffcf37b375659a36 blob   275 162 21615
cde69bcccec65160d92116f20ffce4fce0b5245c blob   3418 3422 21777
9a078e3e1a42d474c78470a73c7987cf7ac5d9a0 blob   4208 4222 25199
c133a0cbd379f5af6dbf1a899a0293ca5eccfad0 blob   2206 2220 29421
efc028a636dd690a51db5a525cf781a5a7daba68 blob   2555 2569 31641
bfa42f0e7b91d006d22352c9ff2f134e504e3c1d blob   4842 4836 34210
3af2608a4492ef9ae63a77ec3305aedda89594cb blob   6114 6128 39046
324e72cdd7480cb983fa1bcc7ce686e51ef87fe7 blob   7718 7693 45174
9bec2e623103ac9713b00cad8502a057c1efda61 blob   10056 10070 52867
d0d031db244a3d635253f5407b4ad5e43cde95c9 blob   922 935 62937
aee44e138434630332d88b1680f33c4b24c70ab3 blob   10486 10426 63872
34947cd6bbf9c729be83edc96ad08a1d42b82bc9 blob   14696 14675 74298
e462c5a189c95ffa94115e8274e5a981f3f2fc76 blob   224 142 88973
41951e6104a20ca27d76d7ae3fd1932beda8a124 blob   1074 315 89115
47b1bc58cd07cb9dd2e6effc5fe82d0cac315d4f blob   664 155 89430
5885930df6d10edf3d6df40d6556297d11f953da blob   383 190 89585
f99cdea4d30909ae4ab4db8e0ef01286296a3a9a blob   395 275 89775
b78a0b86c939620b6f05483ce45c4d3ef0ef595e blob   498 282 90050
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4889f5b55aff2ddc58edaeee6b469e71f6a11598 blob   230 159 138923
9d82f78915133e1c35a6ea51252590fb38efac2f blob   4971 1889 139082
8a0b282aa6885fb573c106b3551f7275c5f17e8e blob   2314 949 140971
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aebd7e31637a3fc00a251d4ec32871bc39454e6a tree   390 344 141944
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non delta: 139 objects
chain length = 1: 35 objects
chain length = 2: 9 objects
chain length = 3: 4 objects
.git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.pack: ok

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git verify-pack -v .git/objects/pack/pack389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.idx | sort -k 3 -n | tail -3
34947cd6bbf9c729be83edc96ad08a1d42b82bc9 blob   14696 14675 74298
13372aef5e24af05341d49695ee84e5f9b594659 blob   53636 48185 90738
25b0c9017c0200cbd40ee409d46bd42151737e1b blob   106266108 104871644 146696

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git verify-pack -v .git/objects/pack/pack-8e389be4feee561de7c7a286be1dd51e2a15047e.idx | sort -k 3 -n | tail -3
34947cd6bbf9c729be83edc96ad08a1d42b82bc9 blob   14696 14675 74298
13372aef5e24af05341d49695ee84e5f9b594659 blob   53636 48185 90738
25b0c9017c0200cbd40ee409d46bd42151737e1b blob   106266108 104871644 146696

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git rev-list --objects --all | grep 25b0c9
25b0c9017c0200cbd40ee409d46bd42151737e1b QYD_Client_Android.rar

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git log --oneline --branches -- QYD_Client_Android.rar
554f70e hha
f235317 (develop) 添加项目压缩包

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git log --oneline --branches -- QYD_Client_Android.rar
554f70e hha
f235317 (develop) 添加项目压缩包

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --ignore-unmatch --cached QYD_Client_Android.rar' -- f235317^..
Rewrite f2353177b12f419dc1e4736d973ec69c0f646183 (1/4) (0 seconds passed, remaining 0 predicted)    rm 'QYD_Client_Android.rar'
Rewrite 429e335d0001a500cffef5f563f23507605748da (3/4) (1 seconds passed, remaining 0 predicted)
Ref 'refs/heads/master' was rewritten

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ rm -Rf .git/refs/original

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ rm -Rf .git/logs/

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git gc
Counting objects: 193, done.
Delta compression using up to 16 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (101/101), done.
Writing objects: 100% (193/193), done.
Total 193 (delta 54), reused 181 (delta 48)

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git count-objects -v
count: 14
size: 13
in-pack: 193
packs: 1
size-pack: 102572
prune-packable: 0
garbage: 0
size-garbage: 0

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git prune --expire now

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git count-objects -v
count: 0
size: 0
in-pack: 193
packs: 1
size-pack: 102572
prune-packable: 0
garbage: 0
size-garbage: 0


Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git push
Counting objects: 68, done.
Delta compression using up to 16 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (44/44), done.
Writing objects: 100% (68/68), 23.37 KiB | 4.67 MiB/s, done.
Total 68 (delta 21), reused 58 (delta 12)
To https://gitee.com/chenyuan_jhon/WorkRecord.git
   d7ca6e1..d9f94e4  master -> master

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
nothing to commit, working tree clean

Mb@Admin MINGW64 /d/EWork/AAS/git/oschina/WorkRecord (master)
$

参考：https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/Git-%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86-%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%E4%B8%8E%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D

• vim命令
  请参考：http://caibaojian.com/vim.html