Swift 易忽略的笔记 9）：Protocol

Protocols

“A protocol defines a blueprint of methods, properties, and other requirements that suit a particular task or piece of functionality.”

1. Property Requirements

“Property requirements are always declared as variable properties, prefixed with the var keyword. Gettable and settable properties are indicated by writing { get set } after their type declaration, and gettable properties are indicated by writing { get }.”

protocol SomeProtocol {
    var mustBeSettable: Int { get set }
    var doesNotNeedToBeSettable: Int { get }
}

“Always prefix type property requirements with the class keyword when you define them in a protocol. ”

protocol AnotherProtocol {
    class var someTypeProperty: Int { get set }
}

例子：

protocol FullyNamed {
    var fullName: String { get }
}

struct Person: FullyNamed {
    var fullName: String
}
let john = Person(fullName: "John Appleseed")
// john.fullName is "John Appleseed”

class Starship: FullyNamed {
    var prefix: String?
    var name: String
    init(name: String, prefix: String? = nil) {
        self.name = name
        self.prefix = prefix
    }
    var fullName: String {
    return (prefix ? prefix! + " " : "") + name
    }
}
var ncc1701 = Starship(name: "Enterprise", prefix: "USS")
// ncc1701.fullName is "USS Enterprise”

2. Method Requirements

protocol SomeProtocol {
    class func someTypeMethod()
}

protocol RandomNumberGenerator {
    func random() -> Double
}

class LinearCongruentialGenerator: RandomNumberGenerator {
    var lastRandom = 42.0
    let m = 139968.0
    let a = 3877.0
    let c = 29573.0
    func random() -> Double {
        lastRandom = ((lastRandom * a + c) % m)
        return lastRandom / m
    }
}
let generator = LinearCongruentialGenerator()
println("Here's a random number: \(generator.random())")
// prints "Here's a random number: 0.37464991998171"
println("And another one: \(generator.random())")
// prints "And another one: 0.729023776863283”

3。 Mutating Method Requirements

“NOTE
If you mark a protocol instance method requirement as mutating, you do not need to write the mutating keyword when writing an implementation of that method for a class. The mutating keyword is only used by structures and enumerations.”

protocol Togglable {
    mutating func toggle()
}

enum OnOffSwitch: Togglable {
    case Off, On
    <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">mutating</span> func toggle() {
        switch self {
        case Off:
            self = On
        case On:
            self = Off
        }
    }
}
var lightSwitch = OnOffSwitch.Off
lightSwitch.toggle()
// lightSwitch is now equal to .On”

4. Protocols as Types

“Because it is a type, you can use a protocol in many places where other types are allowed, including:

As a parameter type or return type in a function, method, or initializer
As the type of a constant, variable, or property
As the type of items in an array, dictionary, or other container”

“Here’s an example of a protocol used as a type:

class Dice {
    let sides: Int
    let generator: RandomNumberGenerator
    init(sides: Int, generator: RandomNumberGenerator) {
        self.sides = sides
        self.generator = generator
    }
    func roll() -> Int {
        return Int(generator.random() * Double(sides)) + 1
    }
}

“The generator property is of type RandomNumberGenerator. Therefore, you can set it to an instance of any type that adopts the RandomNumberGenerator protocol.”

var d6 = Dice(sides: 6, generator: LinearCongruentialGenerator())
for _ in 1...5 {
    println("Random dice roll is \(d6.roll())")
}
// Random dice roll is 3
// Random dice roll is 5
// Random dice roll is 4
// Random dice roll is 5
// Random dice roll is 4”

</pre><pre code_snippet_id="404081" snippet_file_name="blog_20140624_13_7877904" name="code" class="plain">

Delegation

</pre><pre code_snippet_id="404081" snippet_file_name="blog_20140624_13_7877904" name="code" class="plain">Delegation is a design pattern that enables a class or structure to hand off (or delegate) some of its responsibilities to an instance of another type. This design pattern is implemented by defining a protocol that encapsulates the delegated responsibilities, such that a conforming type (known as a delegate) is guaranteed to provide the functionality that has been delegated. ”<pre name="code" class="plain">protocol DiceGame {
    var dice: Dice { get }
    func play()
}
protocol DiceGameDelegate {
    func gameDidStart(game: DiceGame)
    func game(game: DiceGame, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll diceRoll: Int)
    func gameDidEnd(game: DiceGame)
}

class SnakesAndLadders: DiceGame {
    let finalSquare = 25
    let dice = Dice(sides: 6, generator: LinearCongruentialGenerator())
    var square = 0
    var board: Int[]
    init() {
        board = Int[](count: finalSquare + 1, repeatedValue: 0)
        board[03] = +08; board[06] = +11; board[09] = +09; board[10] = +02
        board[14] = -10; board[19] = -11; board[22] = -02; board[24] = -08
    }
    var delegate: DiceGameDelegate?
    func play() {
        square = 0
        delegate?.gameDidStart(self)
        gameLoop: while square != finalSquare {
            let diceRoll = dice.roll()
            delegate?.game(self, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll: diceRoll)
            switch square + diceRoll {
            case finalSquare:
                break gameLoop
            case let newSquare where newSquare > finalSquare:
                continue gameLoop
            default:
                square += diceRoll
                square += board[square]
            }
        }
        delegate?.gameDidEnd(self)
    }
}

class DiceGameTracker: DiceGameDelegate {
    var numberOfTurns = 0
    func gameDidStart(game: DiceGame) {
        numberOfTurns = 0
        if game is SnakesAndLadders {
            println("Started a new game of Snakes and Ladders")
        }
        println("The game is using a \(game.dice.sides)-sided dice")
    }
    func game(game: DiceGame, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll diceRoll: Int) {
        ++numberOfTurns
        println("Rolled a \(diceRoll)")
    }
    func gameDidEnd(game: DiceGame) {
        println("The game lasted for \(numberOfTurns) turns")
    }
}

let tracker = DiceGameTracker()
let game = SnakesAndLadders()
game.delegate = tracker
game.play()
// Started a new game of Snakes and Ladders
// The game is using a 6-sided dice
// Rolled a 3
// Rolled a 5
// Rolled a 4
// Rolled a 5
// The game lasted for 4 turns”

game is delegator, tracker is delegate!!!

5. “Adding Protocol Conformance with an Extension”

protocol TextRepresentable {
    func asText() -> String
}

extension Dice: TextRepresentable {
    func asText() -> String {
        return "A \(sides)-sided dice"
    }
}

let d12 = Dice(sides: 12, generator: LinearCongruentialGenerator())
println(d12.asText())
// prints "A 12-sided dice”

6. “Collections of Protocol Types”

let things: TextRepresentable[] = [game, d12, simonTheHamster]

for thing in things {
    println(thing.asText())
}
// A game of Snakes and Ladders with 25 squares
// A 12-sided dice
// A hamster named Simon

7. Protocol Composition

protocol Named {
    var name: String { get }
}
protocol Aged {
    var age: Int { get }
}
struct Person: Named, Aged {
    var name: String
    var age: Int
}
func wishHappyBirthday(celebrator: protocol<Named, Aged>) {
    println("Happy birthday \(celebrator.name) - you're \(celebrator.age)!")
}
let birthdayPerson = Person(name: "Malcolm", age: 21)
wishHappyBirthday(birthdayPerson)
// prints "Happy birthday Malcolm - you're 21!

8. “Checking for Protocol Conformance”

“The is operator returns true if an instance conforms to a protocol and returns false if it does not.
The as? version of the downcast operator returns an optional value of the protocol’s type, and this value is nil if the instance does not conform to that protocol.
The as version of the downcast operator forces the downcast to the protocol type and triggers a runtime error if the downcast does not succeed.”

@objc protocol HasArea {
    var area: Double { get }
}

“You can check for protocol conformance only if your protocol is marked with the @objc attribute,”

class Circle: HasArea {
    let pi = 3.1415927
    var radius: Double
    var area: Double { return pi * radius * radius }
    init(radius: Double) { self.radius = radius }
}
class Country: HasArea {
    var area: Double
    init(area: Double) { self.area = area }
}

class Animal {
    var legs: Int
    init(legs: Int) { self.legs = legs }
}

let objects: AnyObject[] = [
    Circle(radius: 2.0),
    Country(area: 243_610),
    Animal(legs: 4)
]

for object in objects {
    if let objectWithArea = object as? HasArea {
        println("Area is \(objectWithArea.area)")
    } else {
        println("Something that doesn't have an area")
    }
}
// Area is 12.5663708
// Area is 243610.0
// Something that doesn't have an area”

“Whenever an object in the array conforms to the HasArea protocol, the optional value returned by the as? operator is unwrapped with optional binding into a constant called objectWithArea. The objectWithArea constant is known to be of type HasArea, and so its area property can be accessed and printed in a type-safe way.”

9. Optional Protocol Requirements

“Optional protocol requirements can only be specified if your protocol is marked with the @objc attribute. ”

“Note also that @objc protocols can be adopted only by classes, and not by structures or enumerations.”

@objc protocol CounterDataSource {
    @optional func incrementForCount(count: Int) -> Int
    @optional var fixedIncrement: Int { get }
}

@objc class Counter {
    var count = 0
    var dataSource: CounterDataSource?
    func increment() {
        if let amount = dataSource?.incrementForCount?(count) {
            count += amount
        } else if let amount = dataSource?.fixedIncrement? {
            count += amount
        }
    }
}

class ThreeSource: CounterDataSource {
    let fixedIncrement = 3
}

var counter = Counter()
counter.dataSource = ThreeSource()
for _ in 1...4 {
    counter.increment()
    println(counter.count)
}
// 3
// 6
// 9
// 12”