1.SVM对偶函数最后的优化问题
2. 对核函数进行缓存
由于该矩阵是对称矩阵,因此在内存中的占用空间可以为m(m+1)/2
映射关系为:
#define OFFSET(x, y) ((x) > (y) ? (((x)+1)*(x) >> 1) + (y) : (((y)+1)*(y) >> 1) + (x))
//...
for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i)
for (unsigned j = 0; j <= i; ++j)
cache[OFFSET(i, j)] = y[i] * y[j] * kernel(x[i], x[j], DIMISION);
//...
3. 求解梯度
既然α值是变量,因此对α值进行求导,后面根据梯度选取α值进行优化。
梯度:
for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i)
{
gradient[i] = -1;
for (unsigned j = 0; j < count; ++j)
gradient[i] += cache[OFFSET(i, j)] * alpha[j];
}
若使W最大,则当α减少时,G越大越好。反之,G越小越好。
4. 序列最小化法(SMO)的约束条件
每次选取2个α值进行优化,其它α值视为常数,根据约束条件得:
进行优化之后:
5. 制定选取规则
由于α的范围在区间[0,C],所以△α受α约束
若选取的和
异号,即λ=-1,则
和
增减性相同
假设,
若,则
,此时应选取
上述命题可化为(注:与
等价)
若选取的和
同号,即λ=1,则
和
增减性相异
若,则
,此时应选取
,
上述命题可化为(注:与
等价)
或
将上述结论进行整理,可得(为了简便此处只选取G前的符号与y的符号相异的情况)
unsigned x0 = 0, x1 = 1;
//根据梯度选取进行优化的alpha值
{
double gmax = -DBL_MAX, gmin = DBL_MAX;
for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i)
{
if ((alpha[i] < C && y[i] == POS || alpha[i] > 0 && y[i] == NEG) && -y[i] * gradient[i] > gmax)
{
gmax = -y[i] * gradient[i];
x0 = i;
}
else if ((alpha[i] < C && y[i] == NEG || alpha[i] > 0 && y[i] == POS) && -y[i] * gradient[i] < gmin)
{
gmin = -y[i] * gradient[i];
x1 = i;
}
}
}
6. 开始进行求解
alpha要求在区间[0,C]内,对不符合条件的alpha值进行调整,调整规则如下。
分2种情况,若λ=-1,即:
代入后得:
if (y[x0] != y[x1])
{
double coef = cache[OFFSET(x0, x0)] + cache[OFFSET(x1, x1)] + 2 * cache[OFFSET(x0, x1)];
if (coef <= 0) coef = DBL_MIN;
double delta = (- gradient[x0] - gradient[x1]) / coef;
double diff = alpha[x0] - alpha[x1];
alpha[x0] += delta;
alpha[x1] += delta;
unsigned max = x0, min = x1;
if (diff < 0)
{
max = x1;
min = x0;
diff = -diff;
}
if (alpha[max] > C)
{
alpha[max] = C;
alpha[min] = C - diff;
}
if (alpha[min] < 0)
{
alpha[min] = 0;
alpha[max] = diff;
}
}
若λ=1,即:
{
double coef = cache[OFFSET(x0, x0)] + cache[OFFSET(x1, x1)] - 2 * cache[OFFSET(x0, x1)];
if (coef <= 0) coef = DBL_MIN;
double delta = (-gradient[x0] + gradient[x1]) / coef;
double sum = alpha[x0] + alpha[x1];
alpha[x0] += delta;
alpha[x1] -= delta;
unsigned max = x0, min = x1;
if (alpha[x0] < alpha[x1])
{
max = x1;
min = x0;
}
if (alpha[max] > C)
{
alpha[max] = C;
alpha[min] = sum - C;
}
if (alpha[min] < 0)
{
alpha[min] = 0;
alpha[max] = sum;
}
}
然后进行梯度调整,调整公式如下:
for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i)
gradient[i] += cache[OFFSET(i, x0)] * delta0 + cache[OFFSET(i, x1)] * delta1;
7.进行权重的计算
计算公式如下:
double maxneg = -DBL_MAX, minpos = DBL_MAX;
SVM *svm = &bundle->svm;
for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i)
{
double wx = kernel(svm->weight, data[i], DIMISION);
if (y[i] == POS && minpos > wx)
minpos = wx;
else if (y[i] == NEG && maxneg < wx)
maxneg = wx;
}
svm->bias = -(minpos + maxneg) / 2;