多项式商环域(群论笔记)

最新推荐文章于 2023-03-24 23:16:34 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-03-24 23:16:34 发布

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文章标签：抽象代数

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/cjx__/article/details/126289618

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多项式商环域

标签（空格分隔）：多项式商环

域扩张

$\cdot [F:K]$

有限扩张是代数扩
每个有限扩张都是代数扩张
任何一个有限代数扩张 $K(a_1,...,a_n)/K$ 都是有限生成的$

多项式商环在扩张域

多项式在域上可约

不能写成两个次数较低的多项式之乘积的多项式

最小多项式

$gcd(a_1,a_2,...,a_n)=1$

Ring

$(R, +)$ is abelian group

$(R,\cdot)$ is semi group

$\forall a,b,c \in R, a(b+c)=ab+ac, (b+c)a=ba+ca$

then $(R,+,\cdot)$ is a ring

$\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}=\{ \bar{0}, \bar{1}, ..., \bar{n-1}\}, \bar{i}=\{i+kn|k\in \mathbb{Z}\}$

$\bar{a}+\bar{b} = \bar{a+b}=\bar{b+a}=\bar{b}+\bar{a},\bar{a}\bar{b}=\bar{ab}$

polynomial ring

$R[x]=\{a_nx^n+ \cdots +a_1x+a_0|a_i \in R,i=0,1,...,n, i \in \mathbb{Z}^+ \}$

$f(\alpha) \in R[x], f(x)=\sum_{j=1}^na_ix^i=0$

$\mathbb{Z}[x] \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}[x]$ is homomorphism

$\phi=\{f(x) \in R[x]|f(\alpha)=0\}=\{g(x)\in R[x]|(x-\alpha)g(x)\}$

polynomial quotient ring

$g(x)\in R[x]$

$f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^na_kx^k, g(x)=\sum_{k=0}^nb_kx^k$

$f(x)+g(x)=\sum_{k=0}^na_kx^k + \sum_{k=0}^nb_kx^k =(a_0+a_1x+...+a_nx^n)+(b_0+b_1x+...+b_nx^n)= \sum_{k=0}^n(a_k+b_k)x^k$

$f(x)g(x)=\sum_{k=0}^na_kx^k \otimes \sum_{k=0}^nb_kx^k=(a_0+a_1x+...+a_nx^n) \otimes (b_0+b_1x+...+b_nx^n)=\sum_{i=0}^n\sum_{j=0}^n{a_ib_jx^{i+j}}$

$\forall f(x) \in I[x], \forall g(x) \in R[x]$

$\in I[x], g(x)f(x) \in I[x]$

$I [x]$ is ideal in $R [x]$

Ring R[x] homomorphism

$\varphi:R_1 \rightarrow R_2$

$\varphi(a_i+b_j)=\varphi(a_i)+\varphi(b_j)$

$\varphi(a_i b_j)=\varphi(a_i)\varphi(b_j)$

$a_i, b_j \in R_1$

R_1 and R_2 are homomorphism

$\psi(f(x))=\sum_{i=0}^n\varphi(a_i)x^i$

then
$\psi:R_1[x] \rightarrow R_2[x]$

$\psi(g(x)+h(x))=\psi(g(x)) + \psi(h(x))$

$\psi(g(x)h(x))=\psi(g(x))\psi(h(x))$

$\in R_1[x]$

detail:
$\begin{align} \psi(g(x)+h(x))&=\psi \left( \sum_{k=0}^n(a_k+b_k)x^k \right)\\ &=\sum_{k=0}^n\varphi(a_k+b_k)x^k\\ &=\sum_{k=0}^n\left(\varphi(a_k) + \varphi(b_k)\right)x^k \\ &=\sum_{k=0}^n(\varphi(a_k))x^k + \sum_{k=0}^n(\varphi(b_k))x^k\\ &=\psi(g(x)) + \psi(h(x)) \end{align}$

$\begin{align} \psi(g(x)h(x))&=\psi \left( \sum_{i=0}^n\sum_{j=0}^n{a_ib_jx^{i+j}} \right)\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^n\sum_{j=0}^n{\psi(a_ib_j)x^{i+j}}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^n\sum_{j=0}^n{\psi(a_i)\psi(b_j)x^{i+j}}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^n{\psi(a_i)x^i}\sum_{j=0}^n\psi(b_j)x^j\\ &=\psi(g(x)) \psi(h(x)) \end{align}$

quotient ring

$(P(x))=\{P(x)*h(x)|h(x)\in F(x)\}$ is ideal

$\oplus , \otimes]$ is Ring

0 is zero element in $F [x]$

1 is identity in $F [x]$

$(P (x)) + 0$ zero element

$(P (x)) + 1$ identity

$F[x]/(P(x))=\{(P(x))+\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}a_ix^i|a_i \in F, i=1,...n\}$

$\pi: R \rightarrow R/I, (a \rightarrow \bar{a})$ is homomorphism
$\pi = I$
$\pi(a+b)=a+b+I=a+b+I+I=a+I+b+I=\pi(a)+\pi(b)$
$\pi(ab)=ab+I=ab+aI+bI+II=(a+I)(b+I)=\pi(a)\pi(b)$

$[\mathbb{Z}_2[x], +, *], p(x)=x^2+x+1$
$\mathbb{Z}_2[x]/(p(x)) \\ =\{(p(x)), (p(x))+1, (p(x))+x, (p(x))+(x+1)\} \\ =\{0, 1,x,x+1\}$

+	0	1	x	x+1
0	0	1	x	x+1
1	1	0	x+1	x
x	x	x+1	0	1
x+1	x+1	x	1	0

*	1	x	x+1
0	0	0	0
1	1	x	x+1
x	x	x+1	1
x+1	x+1	1	x

$\mathbb{Z}_3[x]/(x^2+1)=\{ax+b|a,b\in \mathbb{Z}_3\}$

Example. The polynomial $x^3 + 2x+ 4 \in \mathbb{Z}_5[x]$ of degree 3 is irreducible because it has no roots in $\mathbb{Z}_5$

$\mathbb{Z}_n[x]=\left \{\sum_{i=0}^m a_i x^i \mid a_i \in \mathbb{Z}_n, m\in \mathbb{Z}^+\right \}$
$\mathbb{Z}_n[x]/(p(x))=\left\{p(x) + \sum_{i=0}^m a_i x^i \mid a_i \in \mathbb{Z}_n, m = deg(p(x))-1\right\}$

$r(x))=a\in F^*,s(x), t(x) \in F(x), p(x)s(x)+r(x)t(x)=a$
$\rightarrow (p(x))+a^{-1}t(x)=((p(x))+r(x))^{-1}$

长除法

$\frac{x^5+x^4+x+1}{x^2+x+1}=x^3+x+1\cdots x$

          x^3   +x        +1
        ------------------------
x^2+x+1| x^5+x^4        +x+1
         x^5+x^4+x^3
        ------------------------
                 x^3    +x+1
                 x^3+x^2+x
        ------------------------
                	 x^2  +1
                     x^2+x+1
        ------------------------
                         x