python metaclass应用

应用1.abs实现抽象类就是需要修改metaclass
应用2.django中的orm也是修改metaclass

应用3:创建类的时候将类的属性都大写

class UpperAttrMetaclass(type):
    # 因为继承type,所以第一个参数是类的名称,第二个是基类,第三个是属性
    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs): 
        uppercase_attrs = {
            attr if attr.startswith("__") else attr.upper(): v
            for attr, v in attrs.items()
        }
        return type(clsname, bases, uppercase_attrs)
        # return type.__new__(cls, clsname, bases, uppercase_attrs)
        # return super(UpperAttrMetaclass, cls).__new__(cls, clsname, bases, uppercase_attrs)

class Foo(metaclass=UpperAttrMetaclass):
    bar = 'bip'

hasattr(Foo, 'bar') # False
hasattr(Foo, 'BAR') # True

应用4：通过mytype创建对象,实现继承

class MyType(type):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(MyType, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('xxxx')
        return super(MyType, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)

# Base = MyType('Base', (object,), {})
# MyType('Base', (object,), {}) 是有MyType创建； metaclass=MyType
# 1. type可以创建类metaclass=type；MyType也可以创建类metaclass=MyType
# 2. Base = MyType('Base', (object,), {}) -->
# class Base(metaclass=MyType):
#     pass
# class Foo(Base):
#     pass

class Foo(MyType('Base', (object,), {})):
    pass
obj = Foo()

应用5：通过封装函数来创建新的对象,更加方便

class MyType(type):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(MyType, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        return super(MyType, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)


def with_metaclass(base):
    return MyType('XX', (base,), {})


class Foo(with_metaclass(object)):
    pass