python PEP 487

https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.2/descrintro/

class defaultdict(dict): # 继承内置的dict

    def __init__(self, default=None): # 覆盖了父类的__init__方法
        dict.__init__(self) # 必须手动初始化父类
        self.default = default # 设置初始化的默认值

    def __getitem__(self, key):  # __getitem___ 就是dict["key"]
        try:
            return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
        except KeyError: # 如果key找不到则返回默认值
            return self.default

当然也可以这样写，但是效率明显比不上上面的写法

def __getitem__(self, key):
    if key in self:
        return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
    else:
        return self.default

重写get()确保,get方法也会返回默认值：

def get(self, key, *args):
    if not args:
        args = (self.default,)
    return dict.get(self, key, *args)

增加merge方法，来融合两个字典的key

def merge(self, other):
    for key in other:
        if key not in self:
            self[key] = other[key]