SAP Organizational Structure Overview（组织架构）

客户/集团、信用控制域、公司代码、业务区域、成本控制范围、经营组织、功能区域、催款组织、采购组织、采购组、工厂、装运点、装载点、仓库、销售组织、销售渠道、产品组、销售区域、销售据点、销售团队、成本中心、资金控制范围....

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Client: the highest level in SAP R/3. The data in a Client may not be accessed by another Client. （客户/集团：SAP R3系统中的最高级别组织。一个客户不能存取另一个客户的数据）

Chart of Accounts: an organized list of all general ledger (G/L) accounts used by one or more Company Codes.（总账科目表：所有总账科目的有组织列表，可以供一个或多个公司代码使用。）

Credit Control Area: an Organizational Unit assigned to a Company Code used to set credit limits for customers.（信用控制域：指定给公司代码的一种组织单元，用来为顾客设定信用限制。在集团范围内对客户实行信用控制，防止客户拖欠集团下的各个公司的欠款而超过信用额度。）Organizational unit in which all account receivable from a customer are totaled. Can be defined in such a way that it can be used in several company codes.

Company Code: the Organizational Unit within a Client that is used to represent an independent legal entity. It is the level at which balanced financial statements are produced.（公司代码：客户内部的组织单元，用来表示一个独立的法人实体。在公司代码级别上产生资产负债表。）一个公司（分公司）虽然不是法人，但是如果需要单独核算，对外出具资产负债表和损益表，也可以设置成单独的公司代码。

Business Area: an Organizational Unit within financial accounting which represents a separate area of operations or responsibilities within an organization. One company code can be divided into several business areas. One business area may also be used in multiple company codes. Business area only used to provide in-house information in sap system.（业务区域：财务会计中的一种组织单元，表示一个组织内部业务或者职责独立的区域。一个公司代码可以划分作几个业务范围，每个业务区域也可应用于多个公司代码中。业务范围在SAP系统中只是用来提供信息。）内部用于企业内部管理，是创建内部资产负债表和损益表的组织结构。可以按照不同的部门或业务种类等多种方式在SAP R/3系统中来设置业务范围。满足集团层面对某种业务范围的经营情况的分析查询需要。也可将其用于满足外部分段报告的需要。

Controlling Area: 成本控制范围，可以跨公司代码进行成本控制。成本控制范围确定一个用来收集成本和收入的单独的组织结构。每一个成本控制范围可以包含一个或多个分配给它的公司代码。成本控制范围是管理会计的组织结构单元，用来核算企业的收益及费用支出使用情况。在成本控制范围下可建立成本中心（组）或内部定单等成本控制对象。一个成本控制范围可包含多个公司代码，但一个公司代码只能分配给一个成本控制范围。所有的成本中心（即费用发生单位）都将包括在此成本控制范围中。因此，对公司外部运营情况的考核需要通过每个公司代码的资产负债表和损益表来揭示，而内部管理的考核可以跨整个集团公司的范围进行。

Operating Concern: 经营组织，可以跨公司代码进行利润分析。是获利能力分析中的核心组织要素，控制区域应对应到唯一一个经营组织，用于内部管理的盈利分析报告。Operating Concern又译做业务关联区。是管理会计的组织结构单元，一个业务关联区可有多个成本控制范围，一个成本控制范围只能指派给一个业务关联区。业务关联区是获利能力分析中的核心组织结构，用来监控及分析该业务关联区内各"获利段"的运作情况和获利能力。"获利段"可以是销售地区、产品、客户等属性的灵活组合。因此可以按照各获利段为依据生成获利分析报表，考核其获利能力。

Function Area: 功能区域是根据生产、管理、销售以及分销、市场推广、研制开发等所要求的销售成本会计核算将费用进行分类。通过将成本细分为这些功能区域，成本会计核算可给出企业成本的构成并表明这些费用的经济目的。

Dunning Area: an optional Organizational Unit within a Company Code that if used, can denote different internal areas within the Company Code responsible for following up on past due customer invoices.(催款组织：是公司代码内的一个可选组织单元。如果使用的话，可以用来指示公司代码内不同的内部域，这些域负责追踪过期的客户欠款发票。) dunning procedures are often managed in the accounts receivable or accounts payable department. But if dunning is managed independently in several organizational units you must create dunning area.催款程序通常是在应收或者应付会计部门进行管理的。但是，如果要在几个组织单元中分别独立进行管理，就必须建立催款组织。

Purchasing Organization: an Organizational Unit within a Company Code responsible for acquiring goods and services, and negotiating terms of purchase with suppliers.（采购组织：公司代码内的组织单元，负责采购货物和服务，以及和供应商进行采购项目的谈判）

Purchasing Group: a buyer or group of buyers responsible for purchasing activities. （采购组：采购员或者采购小组，负责具体的采购活动）The purchasing group is a special subdivision within a purchasing organization that handles certain specific purchasing activities, namely the day to day buying. Please note that a purchasing group can perform this function for several purchasing organizations. The Purchasing Groups are not assigned to any organizational unit. Security authorizations assigned to a users system ID will be maintained to ensure that Purchasing Groups only procure for their designated areas of responsibility. 采购小组没有指定给任何组织单元。（因为）系统给每个用户的安全授权保证了采购小组只能在指定的职责允许范围内进行采购。

Plant: an Organizational Unit within a Company Code that produces and / or stores goods and / or renders services.（工厂：公司代码内部的组织单元，生产和/或存储货物和/或提供服务）。

Shipping Point: an Organizational Unit at a fixed location from which goods are shipped. （装运点：位于一个固定地方的组织单元，货物从这里起运。是独立的机构实体，负责计划及处理向客户交货以及将交货再充满自己的仓库。 一次交货通常仅由一个装运点来完成。装运点依赖于下列标准∶交付工厂、装运类型 (如火车、卡车)、必要的装载设备）。

Loading Point: a place within the Shipping Point where goods are loaded.（装载点：运输地点内的一个地点，货物从此地点装载。装运点可以分为装载点）

Storage Location: an Organizational Unit that allows the differentiation of material stocks within a Plant.（仓库：工厂中存放不同物料的组织单元）

Sales Organization: an Organizational Unit that represents a selling unit within a Company Code. It can be used to subdivide sales markets regionally. （销售组织：公司代码内部表示销售单元的组织单元，用来按区域划分销售市场）The organization in sales and distribution is represented in the system with the help of sales organizations. Every sales organization stands for a selling unit in the legal sense, being responsible, for example, for product liability and other recourse claims made by customers. Regional subdividing of the market can also be carried out with the help of sales organizations. Each business transaction is processed within a sales organization.

Distribution Channel: a channel through which salable materials or services reach customers. Examples include wholesale, retail and direct sales.（销售渠道：货物或者服务抵达客户的渠道。例如批发、零售、直销）In order to provide for the market in the best possible way, sales and distribution works with various distribution channels. Typical distribution channels are, for example, wholesale trade, retail trade, industrial customers or direct sales from plant. Within a sales organization a customer can be supplied through several distribution channels. In addition, the material master data relevant for sales, such as prices, minimum order quantity, minimum quantity to be delivered and delivering plant, can differ for each sales organization and distribution channel.

Division: an Organizational Unit that can be used to define a division-specific Sales Organization (by product group, for example).（产品组：用来表示特定产品销售组织的组织单元。如产品组，销售某一种特定产品。）In the SAP R/3 System you can define a division-specific sales organization. Product groups, i.e. divisions, can be defined for a wide-ranging spectrum of products. For every division you can make customer-specific agreements on, for example, partial deliveries, pricing and terms of payment. Within a division you can carry out statistical analyses or set up separate marketing.

Sales Area: a combination of Sales Organization, Distribution Channel & Division.（销售区域：销售组织、分销渠道和部门的有机结合组织）A sales area is defined as a combination of sales organization, distribution channel and division. In the above figure, for example, a combination of sales organization 1000, distribution channel 10 and division 01 constitutes a sales area. Via the sales area it is possible to specify which materials can be sold through a distribution channel. Within a sales area you can carry out analyses. For example, the sales within a sales area can be analyzed. All data relevant for sales can be defined per sales area. For example, you can define a customer-specific price agreement for each sales area.

Sales Office: an Organizational Unit assigned to a Sales Area. It can be used to define geographical designations of the organization.（销售据点：销售区域中的销售单元，用来定义组织的地域性称呼）The staff of a sales office may be subdivided into sales groups. For example, sales groups can be defined for individual divisions.

Sales Group: a subdivision of the Sales Office that can be used for reporting purposes.（销售团队：销售部的细分，用作汇报目的）The staff of a sales office may be subdivided into sales groups. For example, sales groups can be defined for individual divisions.

Sale persons: Individual personnel master records are used to manage data about salespersons. You can assign a sales person to a sales group in the personnel master record.

Cost center：成本中心是在成本控制范围中的代表独立的成本发生地点的一个组织单元。 成本中心可以根据职能需求、分配原则、提供的作业或服务、地点和/或职责范围建立。成本中心是管理会计中的最小职责单位，是每一笔费用的具体接收者。成本中心建立后需要将每个成本中心分配给标准成本中心组。这样才能保证费用记帐在成本中心及部门上。成本中心的标准层次结构反映了成本中心与成本中心、成本中心与成本中心组、成本中心组与成本中心组之间的关系。标准层次结构中的每个节点代表一个成本中心组，当然除了标准层次结构中的成本中心组之外，还可根据业务需求在标准层次之外自己定义需要的成本中心组。

Fund Management (FM) Area: (1)Used to plan the deployment of funds.(2)Identical to the company code in broad items. (3)Controls budget management in a independent unit that draws up its own accounts. (4)you can assign several company codes to one FM area. 资金控制范围：(1)用作计划资金配置;（2）在很多方面与公司代码完全相同；（3）在一个设置自己帐户的独立单位中，用来控制预算管理。（4）你可以将多个公司代码设定一个资金控制范围。

说明：Plant不仅可以给所属公司代码下的销售组织供货，还可以给同一个集团下的其他公司代码下的销售组织供货。

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