pip install tex2svg
# for "inline mode" LaTeX
echo "x^2" | tex2svg > x2.svg
# for "block" LaTeX
echo "x^2" | tex2svg --block > x2.svg
Depends on pdflatex, pdfcrop, pdf2svg, and svgo. On Arch Linux, you can install these with:
sudo pacman -S pdf2svg texlive-most npm
sudo npm install -g svgo