图解YU12、I420、YV12、NV12、NV21、YUV420P、YUV420SP、YUV422P、YUV444P的区别

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-13 18:02:36 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-05-13 18:02:36 发布
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原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/byhook/article/details/84037338
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音视频实践学习

概述

YUV模型是根据一个亮度(Y分量)和两个色度(UV分量)来定义颜色空间，常见的YUV格式有YUY2、YUYV、YVYU、UYVY、AYUV、Y41P、Y411、Y211、IF09、IYUV、YV12、YVU9、YUV411、YUV420等，其中比较常见的YUV420分为两种：YUV420P和YUV420SP。

我们在android平台下使用相机默认图像格式是NV21属于YUV420SP格式

YUV采样

YUV 4:4:4采样，每一个Y对应一组UV分量,一个YUV占8+8+8 = 24bits 3个字节。
YUV 4:2:2采样，每两个Y共用一组UV分量,一个YUV占8+4+4 = 16bits 2个字节。
YUV 4:2:0采样，每四个Y共用一组UV分量,一个YUV占8+2+2 = 12bits 1.5个字节。

    
    

    
    
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我们最常见的YUV420P和YUV420SP都是基于4:2:0采样的，所以如果图片的宽为width，高为heigth，在内存中占的空间为width * height * 3 / 2，其中前width * height的空间存放Y分量，接着width * height / 4存放U分量，最后width * height / 4存放V分量。

YUV420P(YU12和YV12)格式

YUV420P又叫plane平面模式，Y , U , V分别在不同平面，也就是有三个平面，它是YUV标准格式4：2：0，主要分为：YU12和YV12

  • YU12格式

在android平台下也叫作I420格式，首先是所有Y值，然后是所有U值，最后是所有V值。

YU12：亮度(行×列) + U(行×列/4) + V(行×列/4)

  • YV12格式

YV12格式与YU12基本相同，首先是所有Y值，然后是所有V值，最后是所有U值。只要注意从适当的位置提取U和V值，YU12和YV12都可以使用相同的算法进行处理。

YV12：亮度Y(行×列) + V(行×列/4) + U(行×列/4)

YU12: YYYYYYYY UUVV    =>    YUV420P
YV12: YYYYYYYY VVUU    =>    YUV420P

    
    

    
    
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YUV模型是根据一个亮度(Y分量)和两个色度(UV分量)来定义颜色空间，常见的YUV格式有YUY2、YUYV、YVYU、UYVY、AYUV、Y41P、Y411、Y211、IF09、IYUV、YV12、YVU9、YUV411、YUV420等，其中比较常见的YUV420分为两种：YUV420P和YUV420SP。

我们在android平台下使用相机默认图像格式是NV21属于YUV420SP格式## YUV420SP(NV21和NV12)格式

YUV420SP格式的图像阵列，首先是所有Y值，然后是UV或者VU交替存储，NV12和NV21属于YUV420SP格式，是一种two-plane模式，即Y和UV分为两个plane，但是UV(CbCr)为交错存储，而不是分为三个平面。

  • NV21格式

android手机从摄像头采集的预览数据一般都是NV21，存储顺序是先存Y，再VU交替存储，NV21存储顺序是先存Y值，再VU交替存储：YYYYVUVUVU，以 4 X 4 图片为例子，占用内存为 4 X 4 X 3 / 2 = 24 个字节

  • NV12格式

NV12与NV21类似，也属于YUV420SP格式，NV12存储顺序是先存Y值，再UV交替存储：YYYYUVUVUV，以 4 X 4 图片为例子，占用内存为 4 X 4 X 3 / 2 = 24 个字节

注意：在DVD中，色度信号被存储成Cb和Cr(C代表颜色，b代表蓝色，r代表红色)

NV12: YYYYYYYY UVUV    =>YUV420SP
NV21: YYYYYYYY VUVU    =>YUV420SP

    
    

    
    
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YUV和RGB转换

Y      =  (0.257 * R) + (0.504 * G) + (0.098 * B) + 16
Cr = V =  (0.439 * R) - (0.368 * G) - (0.071 * B) + 128
Cb = U = -(0.148 * R) - (0.291 * G) + (0.439 * B) + 128

B = 1.164(Y - 16) + 2.018(U - 128)
G = 1.164(Y - 16) - 0.813(V - 128) - 0.391(U - 128)
R = 1.164(Y - 16) + 1.596(V - 128)

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分离YUV420P

下面基于实例来理解Y，U，V分量的作用

先使用ffmpeg将指定的图片转为yuv420p格式

ffmpeg -i input.jpg -s 510x510 -pix_fmt yuv420p input.yuv

 
 

 
 
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  • 分离YUV分量

笔者使用的Clion直接运行下面这段代码，分离出所需的文件

void split_yuv420(char *inputPath, int width, int height) {

FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_yuv <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>inputPath<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"rb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_420_y.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_u <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_420_u.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_v <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_420_v.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">malloc</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">fread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_yuv<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//Y</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//U</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data <span class="token operator">+</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_u<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//V</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data <span class="token operator">+</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_v<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">//释放资源</span>
<span class="token function">free</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_yuv<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_u<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_v<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

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笔者使用的是ubuntu系统，因此运行yuvplayer.exe文件，需要提前安装好wine：sudo apt install wine，运行yuvplayer之后，需要先设置像素格式为Y，否则你看到的图像可能会有问题

先看output_420_y.y文件：(分辨率设置为510x510)

output_420_u.y显示如下：(分辨率设置为255x255)

output_420_v.y显示如下：(分辨率设置为255x255)

  • 生成灰度图

上面的例子实际上已经生成了一个灰度图了，但是只保留了Y分量，你如果直接用ffplay工具查看会有问题，下面的函数将会生成一个标准的YUV文件并且保留Y分量，你可能会有疑问，为什么U分量和V分量要写入0x80，其实你可以参考上面的YUV转RGB的公式，YUV数据是无法直接显示的，最终需要转成RGB显示，因此我这里是只需要保留Y分量，忽略UV分量的影响，因此根据上面的公式，我在U和V分量中都写入128就是十六进制的0x80

  • 保留Y分量(生成灰度图)
void yuv420p_y(char *inputPath, char *outputPath, int width, int height) {

FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>inFile <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>inputPath<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"rb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>outFile <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>outputPath<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">malloc</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">fread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> inFile<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">//Y分量</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> outFile<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>buffer <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">malloc</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">memset</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buffer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0x80</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//U分量</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buffer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> outFile<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//V分量</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buffer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> outFile<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">free</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buffer<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">free</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>inFile<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>outFile<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

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int main() {

<span class="token function">yuv420p_y</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"/home/byhook/media/input.yuv"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"/home/byhook/media/output.yuv"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">510</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">510</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

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使用ffplay来播放yuv格式的文件：

ffplay -f rawvideo -video_size 510x510 output.yuv

 
 

 
 
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要注意这里的分辨率不能错

分离YUV422P

YUV422P基于YUV 4:2:2采样，每两个Y共用一组UV分量,一个YUV占8+4+4 = 16bits 2个字节。分离代码如下：

void split_yuv422(char *inputPath, int width, int height) {

FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_yuv <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>inputPath<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"rb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_422_y.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_u <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_422_u.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_v <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_422_v.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">malloc</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">fread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_yuv<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//Y</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//U</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data <span class="token operator">+</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_u<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//V</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data <span class="token operator">+</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_v<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">//释放资源</span>
<span class="token function">free</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_yuv<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_u<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_v<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

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分离YUV444P

YUV444P基于YUV 4:4:4采样，每一个Y对应一组UV分量,一个YUV占8+8+8 = 24bits 3个字节。分离代码如下：

void split_yuv444(char *inputPath, int width, int height) {

FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_yuv <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>inputPath<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"rb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_444_y.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_u <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_444_u.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
FILE <span class="token operator">*</span>fp_v <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fopen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"output_444_v.y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"wb+"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>unsigned <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">malloc</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">fread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_yuv<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//Y</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//U</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data <span class="token operator">+</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_u<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//V</span>
<span class="token function">fwrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data <span class="token operator">+</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height<span class="token punctuation">,</span> fp_v<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">//释放资源</span>
<span class="token function">free</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_yuv<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_u<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">fclose</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp_v<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

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参考：
https://blog.csdn.net/leixiaohua1020/article/details/50534150
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUV

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