英语语法基础

如一定要同时用两个动词，后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加入“ing”。

“我爱游泳”，因此有两种正确的译法：

I love to swim.

I love swimming.

在不定词“to”的后面，必须用原形动词

例如to go、to drink、to have，都是正确的，＊to went；＊to drank；＊to loved等等都是错的。

有一个非常特殊的助动词，那就是have，在这个助动词的后面，动词绝对不能用原形动词，以下是用这个助动词的例子：

I have been to England.

I have slept all day.

I have studied English since I was a child.

如果我们说

I am watching a movie.

那是指我现在正在看电影，这和

I watch movies.

意义上截然不同的，I watch movies是说我有看电影的习惯。

过去进行式和现在进行式有点类似，只是verb to be要用过去式的。可是有一点不同，过去进行式，很少单独用的，而常和另一句子一齐用。举例来说以下的中文句子：

我昨天去看你的时候，你正在打篮球，如译成中文，就是

You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday.

以下是典型的过去进行式用法

I was taking a bath when you called.

1. 首先假设我们有一件事，发生在过去，而一直延续到现在，就要用现在完成式，这种句子后面常有since或for。以下是这种情形的例子：

（1）自从1963年，我一直在念英文。
I have known him for a long time.

（7）他练习网球已经四年了。

2.使用现在完成式的另一情况是强调已经完成的事，比方说，你说〝我已经写了那封信〞，就可以用现在完成式，或者，你说〝他已经完成了工作〞。以下是这类的例子：

（1）我已经写了这封信。
I have already written the letter.

（2）他已经完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.

3.现在完成式用来表示一种经验，举例来说，〝我曾经到过美国〞、〝我曾见过李总统〞、〝我有生以来没有跳过舞〞，这些都应该用现在完成式，例如：

（1） 我曾经到过美国。
I have been to America.

（2） 我曾见过李总统。
I have seen President Lee.

（3） 我有生以来没有跳过舞。
I have never danced in my life.

对读者而言，最重要的是〝现在完成式〞和〝过去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中讲一件过去发生的事，而且指定特定的时间，就一定要用〝过去式〞，而不能用〝现在完成式〞。比方说，〝我曾经看过「铁达尼号」〞，可以用现在完成式，因为这句话没有指明任何特定的时间，假如说，〝我昨天晚上去看「铁达尼号」〞，就一定用过去式，读者不妨看看以下的比较：

（a）I went to America last year.
I have been to America.

（b）I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.

现在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用

Never 和 ever 也常是我们弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般说来， never 有否定的意思，ever则只有在问句中才会出现。

在上一节，我们知道，如果有一个行动，从过去发生后，就一直延续到现在，我们可以用现在完成式。举例来说，以下的例子都应该用现在完成式：

（1） 自从1974年，我就在学校学英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.

（2） 自从我大学毕业以后，我就在这里工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked here.

以第一句话为例，假如我们要强调我一直在练习游泳，而且没有间断，我们可以用现在完成进行式（present perfect progressive tense）。所谓现在完成进行式，形式如下：

verb to have + been + present participle

verb to have 是为了完成式，been 和 present participle 都是为了进行式。

过去完成式是不能单独用的。我们用的时候，必须有另一个事件。也就是说，假如我们有两件事 A 和 B，两件事都发生在过去，但 A 发生在 B 以前，A 应该用过去完成式，B 则用过去式。以下是几个例子：

（1） 他到台湾以前，曾学过中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.

（2） 他念大学以前，曾前工作过。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.

如果我们要强调较早发生事件的连续性，我们可以用过去完成进行式。占去完成进行式和现在进行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些过去完成进行式的例子：

1. I had been watching TV before you called me.

2. I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.

如果我们在句子中，有需要提到未来的事情，就可以使用未来式，举例来说，以下的句子都用未来式。

I will go to America tomorrow.

He will dance tonight.

Peter will finish his work next month.

如果不用〝will〞，我们可以用〝verb to be +going to+ verb〞，如果我们如此做，以上的三个句子就变成了以下的句子

I am going to go to America tomorrow.

He is going to dance tonight.

Peter is going to finish his work next month.

有一个规则必须注意，就是will是一个助动词，现在式第三人称单数的主词，仍不用在will后面加s。

不仅如此，will后面的动词必须用成原式，如果用verb to be +going to+ verb这里面的verb也必须用原式。

因为这里面的to式infinitive，infinitive里面永远要用原型动词。

未来式可以和进行式合起来用，以下是未来进行式的例子

I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight.

He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.

未来式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成为未来完成式，这种句子都是在于强调未来要完成的事。举例来说，”我明天六点以前，我会完成这工作了”，就可以用未来完成式：

I will have finished this work by six o’clock tomorrow.

以下是一些未来完成式的例子

By the time he arrives at the station, the train will have left.

要达成否定的意思,有时我们也可以用no和never这些字，no必须跟一个名词，请看下面的例子：

1.I saw no students here.

以上这些例子也可以用not来表示否定的意思，如果用not，则以上的句子应该照下面的方式写；

1.I did not see any student here.

除以上not之外，never也可以表达否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，请注意never常用在完成式的句子里：

I have never gone there.

在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下：

主词＋动词＋受词

所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主动语气中，我们说〝我看到一些狗〞，在被动语气中，我们说〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，将主动语气改成被动语气，必须做以下的动作：

（1） 原有受词变成名词

（2） 动词变成verb to be＋过去分词（past participle）

（3） 原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加by。

举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是

I saw a cat.被动语气就成了
A cat was seen by me.

最重要的是，verb to be的时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以verb to be也是过去式。除此以外，verb to be也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子：

I saw two cats.

改成被动语气以后，句子是：

Two cats were seen by me.

在上一节，我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中没有助动词，可是有些肯定句子还是有助动词的，以下是一些例子：

	主动语气	被动语气
现在进形式	I am writing this letter.	The letter is being written by me.
现在完程序	I have written the letter.	The letter has been written by me.
过去进形式	I was writing the letter when you came.	The letter was being written by me when you came.
过去完程序	I had written the letter before you came.	The letter had been written by me before you came.
未来式	I will write the letter.	The letter will be written by me.
未来完成式	I will have written this letter.	This letter will have been written by me.
未来式	I am going to see you.	You are going to be seen by me.

以下是更多的例子：

主动语气	被动语气
I have seen him.	He has been seen by me.
He is going to help you.	You are going to be helped by him.
He will teach English.	English will be taught by him.
He has helped me all my life.	I have been helped by him all my life.
He had called me before you came.	I had been called by him before you came.
He was calling his mother when we went there.	His mother was being called by him when we went there.

助动词不一定和时式有关，can、should、has to等等都是助动词，这些助动词在改成被动语气的时后，都应维持原状，只需加入verb to be和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子：

主动语气	被动语气
I can play the piano.	The piano can be played by me.
I may use this room.	This room may be used by me.
He must give the book to me.	The book must be given to me by him.
You should help him.	He should be helped by you.
You have to write this letter.	This letter has to be written by you.
He ought to write this report.	This report ought to be written by him.

将一个否定句子或一个问句改成被动语气，其步骤如下：

（1） 将此句子改成肯定句子

（2） 将此肯定句子改成被动语气

（3） 将此被动语气的句子改成否定句子

现在举一个否定的例子：

I did not take this picture.

对应的肯定句子是：

I took this picture.

改成被动语气：

This picture was taken by me.

再改成否定句子：

This picture was not taken by me.

将问句改成被动语气，步骤类似上一节的步骤，我们先将问句变成肯定句子，然后将这个定句子变成被动语气，最后在将这个被动语气的句子变回，成为问句。

例如：

Do young kids enjoy classical music?

先改成肯定句子

Young kids enjoy classical music.

再改成被动语气

Music is enjoyed by young kids.

最后改成问句

Is music enjoyed by young kids?

所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上ing，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子：

I like singing.

Playing basketball is good for you.

不定词＝to＋动词的原式。例如to go, to love, to eat等等，都是不定词，不定词和动名词的用法相似，以下全是用不定词用作名词的例子：

To love is to forgive.

To forgive your enemies will make you happy.

I like to eat chicken.

也许读者发现了不定词和动名词不同的地方：不定词不能用在介系词的后面，以下的句子都是错的：

＊I am interested in to play piano.

＊He is worried about to go abroad.

1.不定词可以用作主词：如

To play tennis is great fun.

To play safe in the stock market is necessary.

2.不家词可以用成很多动词的受词：

I like to swim.

He loves to listen to jokes.

3.不定词可以跟在代名词的后面，形式如下：

动词（verb）＋代名词（pronoun）＋不定词（infinitive）

例如：

I told him to work hard.

I asked my brother to come back home.

4.不定词常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如：

He was told to work hard.

My brother was asked to come back home.

读者一定会问，是不是动名词可以和不定词互调，答案是否定的，有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定词，但也有些动词，后面只能跟动名词，有些动词后面只能跟不定词。

有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定词：love, like, hate, start, begin,以下的动词，后面只能跟动名词：

Enjoy	I enjoy eating good food.
Appreciate	I appreciate your being kind to others.
Avoid	You should avoid making mistakes.
keep on	Keep on working hard.
keep	Keep singing.
consider	He considered leaving home.
finish	He finished writing this book.
suggest	May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee?
discuss	We discussed traveling to New Zealand.

以下的动词正好相反，只能跟不定词

agree	I agree to sign this letter.
plan	He plans to go away.
want	They want to rent a car.
decide	He decided to work hard.
seem	He seems to be very happy.
appear	He appears to be very sad.

一个字非常特殊，必须讨论一下，那就是stop：

stop smoking 指不再抽烟了

stop to smoke 指停下来，开始抽烟

将动词改成名词的时候，也可以有被动语气和否定语气，以下是一些例子：

Everyone likes to be loved.

This cup needs to be washed.

Being trusted is important.

I told him not to leave this house.

He asked me not to cry.

I was told not to fall asleep in class.

To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.

Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.

我们中文里，一个字有时是动词，有时却又可以用作形容词，最著名的例子是〝微笑老萧〞（萧万长院长的外号）〝微笑〞应该是动词，

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