1.句子结构
1.1 结构种类
- 主谓
- 主谓宾:谓语是“实义动词”
- 主谓表:谓语是“系动词”
- 主谓双宾
- 主谓宾宾补
tips \text{tips} tips:注意时态
1.2 系动词
状态: be \text{be} be动词
感官: look, sound, taste, smell, feel \text{look, sound, taste, smell, feel} look, sound, taste, smell, feel
变化: get, become, turn, grow, fall \text{get, become, turn, grow, fall} get, become, turn, grow, fall
保持: keep, stay, remain, stand \text{keep, stay, remain, stand} keep, stay, remain, stand
表象: seem, appear \text{seem, appear} seem, appear
结果: prove \text{prove} prove
tips \text{tips} tips:加粗的既可以是实义也可以是系动词
1.3 主谓双宾
He teaches us English. \text{He teaches us English.} He teaches us English.
直接宾语: English \text{English} English, 句中不可或缺,常是物
间接宾语: us \text{us} us, 可去掉,常是人或代词
1.4 主谓宾宾补
You should keep the room clean and tidy. \text{You should keep the room clean and tidy.} You should keep the room clean and tidy.
宾补: clean and tidy \text{clean and tidy} clean and tidy, 是宾语 the room \text{the room} the room 的补足语
tips \text{tips} tips:在两个宾语间加个系动词,意思说得通就是宾补(有关系),说不通就是双宾(没关系)
1.5 句子成分
主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语
2. 句子的成分
注意:就是用词的词性问题!
2.1 谓语
2.1.1 谓语的成分
有时态 的 系动词 或 实义动词
例句 1
- Your mother must be very beautiful. \text{Your mother must be very beautiful.} Your mother must be very beautiful.
- must \text{must} must 是动词,情态动词
- 情态动词不能做谓语,所以需要补充一个 be \text{be} be 做动词
- 这里 be \text{be} be 没有意思,就是来补充充分的,翻译忽略它
- 谓语:有时态 的 系动词 或 实义动词 可以充当谓语
2.1.2 动词能不能多
2.1.2.1 知识点
不可以,一个句子有且仅能有一个动词
- 谓语只能是 动词 ( 词组 )
- 动词 ( 词组 ) 只能做谓语,不做谓语就加 to \text{to} to ( 表示目的 ) 或变 ing \text{ing} ing ( 动名词,表示主动 ),或后面加 ed \text{ed} ed ( 表示被动 ),这三者均为 非,谓语动词,也就是不是动词
- 先写出句子,将不做谓语的动词,根据情况来进行变换
tips:读句子,第一件事 找动词
2.1.2.2 练习
- 练习一
翻译:他穿上外衣,锁上门,离开了家。
答案: He putting on his jacket, locking the door, left home. \text{He putting on his jacket, locking the door, left home.} He putting on his jacket, locking the door, left home.- 一个句子有多个动词,选一个 最重要 的作为谓语,如果 不用并列句 的话
- 穿衣, put on one’s jacket \text{put on one's jacket} put on one’s jacket
- 锁门, lock the door \text{lock the door} lock the door
- 离家, left home \text{left home} left home
- 练习二
翻译:我爱你,你爱我。
答案: I loving you, you love me. \text{I loving you, you love me.} I loving you, you love me.- 分不清哪个更重要,随便选一个做谓语
- 这是 满分句型 之 独立主格
- 练习三
翻译:冬天来了,春天就不远了。
答案: Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner. \text{Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner.} Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner.- 冬天来了, winter approach \text{winter approach} winter approach,替换 come –> approach \text{come --> approach} come –> approach
- 春天还未来,用将来时 will be \text{will be} will be
- 不远了, around the corner \text{around the corner} around the corner
- 练习四
翻译:我是个老师,我喜欢唱歌。
答案: Being a teacher, I have passion for singing songs. \text{Being a teacher, I have passion for singing songs.} Being a teacher, I have passion for singing songs.- 两个句子,主语一样,那就要省略一个
- 省略前者的主语,因为其动词被变了,它已经不是句子
- 这叫 分词作状语,和独立主格一回事,只不过两个主语相同要省略
- 喜欢, like –> have passion for \text{like --> have passion for} like –> have passion for
2.1.3 动词能不能少
不能,必须得有一个能做谓语的动词 ( 词组 )
- 例句 1
I am against you. \text{I am against you.} I am against you.
- against \text{against} against 不是动词
- 当一句话没有动词时,永远都是 补充 be \text{be} be 动词 来做动词,但没有意思,不必翻译
2.1.4 谓语的总结
- 一句话中有且只能有一个 有时态 的 实义动词 或 系动词 存在,并且充当谓语
2.2 主语
2.2.1 主语的成分
- 名词
- 代词
- 非,谓语动词
- 引导词 + + + 句子
- 翻译:帅和强壮是他的特点
答案 1: Handsomeness and strength are his nature. \text{Handsomeness and strength are his nature.} Handsomeness and strength are his nature.
答案 2: Being handsome and strong is his nature. \text{Being handsome and strong is his nature.} Being handsome and strong is his nature.- 形容词占了主语?将它换成对应的可做足有的成分
- 形容词 –> \text{-->} –> 名词,答案一
- 形容词 –> \text{-->} –> 非,谓语,答案二
2.2.2 主语能不能少
不能少,必须有,但是可以省略,例如祈使句就是省略了主语
2.2.2.1 一句话没有主语怎么办?
- 加 it \text{it} it 作主语:必须与天气、温度、时间有关系
- there be \text{there be} there be 句型,听到 有 时使用
- 可以替换为 exist, seem, remain \text{exist, seem, remain} exist, seem, remain
- 被动,听到用人称代词做主语,或没有主语时,可考虑写为被动
- 以下三种情况无法写作被动
- 动词后有介词,无被动
- 系动词 无被动
- hava \text{hava} hava 表达 有 的意思时,无被动
- 以下三种情况无法写作被动
- 人称代词,即 I, you, we \text{I, you, we} I, you, we 等,不到万不得已,不要这样用
2.2.2.2 例子
- 翻译:北京很冷。
答案 自译: It’s very cold in BeiJing. \text{It's very cold in BeiJing.} It’s very cold in BeiJing. - 翻译:必须指出坚持很重要
答案: Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial. \text{Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.} Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.- 指出: point out \text{point out} point out
- 很: very –> outstandingly \text{very --> outstandingly} very –> outstandingly
- 重要: important –> crucial \text{important --> crucial} important –> crucial
- 翻译:越来越多的人认为,过度捕捞很严重
答案: Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors. \text{Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.} Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.- 过度捕捞: overfish \text{overfish} overfish
- 很严重: more than fearful \text{more than fearful} more than fearful
- 越来越多的: an increasing amount of \text{an increasing amount of} an increasing amount of
- 翻译:如果有梦想,就应该会成功
答案: If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved. \text{If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.} If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.- 前半句用 there be \text{there be} there be, 后半句用被动
- 成功: success –> glory \text{success --> glory} success –> glory
- 应该: should –> be supposed to \text{should --> be supposed to} should –> be supposed to
- 实现, achieve \text{achieve} achieve
2.3 宾语
2.3.1 宾语的成分
- 名词
- 代词
- 非,谓语动词
- 引导词 + + + 句子
注:通过被动,主语和宾语可以换位置,所以成分是一样的
2.4 宾语
2.4.1 宾语的成分
- 名词
- 代词
- 非,谓语动词
- 引导词 + + + 句子
- 形容词
- 介词短语
注:代词就是为代替名词而出现,故有名词就有代词
2.5 英语将多个句子合成一个句子
- 独立主格,两个主语不一样
- 并列句
- 从句
3. 写作法则
- 所有不会写的长难句,都先写成简单句
- 所有写不来的单词,都可以写成自己会的单词,反正阅卷的不知道我到底想表达什么意思
4. 并列句
4.1 什么是并列句
就是用 连词 连接两个句子
例句
I love you and you love that dog. \text{I love you and you love that dog.} I love you and you love that dog.
4.2 常见的并列连词
4.2.1 连词
关系类型 | 连词 |
---|---|
平行 | and , \text{and}, and, not only … but also … \text{not\ only\dots but\ also\dots} not only…but also… |
转折 | but , \text{but}, but, yet , \text{yet}, yet, whereas \text{whereas} whereas |
选择 | or \text{or} or |
因果 | for , \text{for}, for, so \text{so} so |
递进 | then \text{then} then |
4.2.2 非连词的逻辑关系词
关系类型 | 连词 |
---|---|
平行 | similarly , \text{similarly}, similarly, equally , \text{equally}, equally, likewise , \text{likewise}, likewise, at the same time , \text{at the same time}, at the same time, in the meanwhile \text{in the meanwhile} in the meanwhile |
转折 | however , \text{however}, however, nevertheless , \text{nevertheless}, nevertheless, on the contrary , \text{on the contrary}, on the contrary, conversely , |