反射的学习

Java反射机制:是指在运行时去获取一个类的变量和方法信息。然后通过获取到的信息来创建对象，调用方法的一种机制。由于这种动态性,可以极大的增强程序的灵活性,程序不用在编译期就完成确定,在运行期仍然可以扩展

1.获取Class对象

这里我们提供三种方式获取Class类型的对象
1:使用类的class属性来获取该类对应的Class对象。举例: StudentClass将会返回Student类对应的Class对象
2:调用对象的getClass()方法，返回该对象所属类对应的Class对象
       该方法是Object类中的方法，所有的Java对象都可以调用该方法
3:使用Class类中的静态方法forName(String className)，该方法需要传入字符串参数，该字符串参数的值是某个类的全路径，也就是完整包名的路径

Student类
public class Student {
    //成员变量：一个私有，一个默认，一个公共
    private String name;
    int age;
    public String address;

    //构造方法：一个私有，一个默认，两个公共
    private Student(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Student() {
    }

    Student(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Student(String name, int age, String address) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.address = address;
    }
    //成员方法：一个私有，四个公共
    private void function(){
        System.out.println("function");
    }
    public void method1(){
        System.out.println("method1");
    }
    public void method2(String s){
        System.out.println("method:" + s);
    }
    public String method3(String s,int i){
        return s + "," + i;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", address='" + address + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}


测试类
public class ReflectDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //使用类的class属性来获取该类对应的Class对象
        Class<Student> c1 = Student.class;
        System.out.println(c1);

        Class<Student> c2 = Student.class;
        System.out.println(c1 == c2);
        System.out.println("--------");

        //调用对象的getClass()方法，返回该对象所属类对应的Class对象
        Student s =  new Student();
        Class<? extends Student> c3 = s.getClass();
        System.out.println(c1 == c3);
        System.out.println("--------");

        //使用Class类中的静态方法forName(String className)
        Class<?> c4 = Class.forName("com.ithema_01.Student");
        System.out.println(c1 == c4);
    }
}

2.构造方法

Class类中用于获取构造方法的方法
  1:Constructor<?>l]getConstructors():返回所有公共构造方法对象的数组
  2:Constructor<?>[]getDeclaredConstructors():返回所有构造方法对象的数组
  3:Constructor<T> getConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes):返回单个公共构造方法对象
  4:Constructor<T> getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>..parameterTypes):返回单个构造方法对象
Constructor类中用于创建对象的方法
  T newInstance(Object... initargs):根据指定的构造方法创建对象

public class ReflectDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
        //获取Class对象
        Class<?> c = Class.forName("com.ithema_01.Student");
        //Constructor<?>l]getConstructors():返回所有公共构造方法对象的数组
        Constructor<?>[] cons = c.getConstructors();
        for(Constructor con : cons){
            System.out.println(con);
        }
        System.out.println("--------");
        //Constructor<?>[]getDeclaredConstructors():返回所有构造方法对象的数组
        Constructor<?>[] con1 = c.getDeclaredConstructors();
        for(Constructor con : con1){
            System.out.println(con);
        }
        System.out.println("--------");
        //Constructor<T> getConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes):返回单个公共构造方法对象
//        Constructor<?> con = c.getConstructor(String.class, int.class, String.class);
        //Constructor<T> getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>..parameterTypes):返回单个构造方法对象
        Constructor<?> con2 = c.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, String.class);
        //T newInstance(Object... initargs):根据指定的构造方法创建对象
        Object obj = con2.newInstance("张三",20,"四川");
        System.out.println(obj);
    }
}

/*
   通过反射实现如下的操作:
        Student s = new Student("林青霞", 30,"西安");
        System.out.printLn(s);
        Student s = new Student("林青霞");
        System.out.println(s);

 */
public class ReflectDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
        //获取Class对象
        Class<?> c = Class.forName("com.ithema_01.Student");
        // public Student(String name, int age, String address)
        //Constructor<T> getConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes):
        Constructor<?> con = c.getConstructor(String.class, int.class, String.class);
        Constructor<?> con1 = c.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class);
        // //T newInstance(Object... initargs):根据指定的构造方法创建对象
        Object obj = con.newInstance("林青霞", 30, "西安");
        //暴力反射
        //public void setAccessible (boolean flag):值为true，取消访问检查
        con1.setAccessible(true);
        Object cc = con1.newInstance("张三");

        System.out.println(obj);
        System.out.println(cc);
    }
}

3.成员变量

Class类中用于获取成员变量的方法
    Field  getFields():返回所有公共成员变量对象的数组
    Field[] getDeclaredFields():返回所有成员变量对象的数组
    Field getField(String name):返回单个公共成员变量对象
    Field getDeclaredField(String name):返回单个成员变量对象
Field类中用于给成员变呈赋值的方法
    void set(Object obj, Object value):给obj对象的成员变量赋值为value

public class ReflectDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
        //获取Class对象
        Class<?> c = Class.forName("com.ithema_01.Student");
        //Field  getFields():返回所有公共成员变量对象的数组
        Field[] fields = c.getFields();
        for(Field field : fields){
            System.out.println(field);
        }
        System.out.println("--------");
        //Field[] getDeclaredFields():返回所有成员变量对象的数组
        Field[] field = c.getDeclaredFields();
        for(Field fields2 : field){
            System.out.println(fields2);
        }
        //Field getField(String name):返回单个公共成员变量对象
        //Field getDeclaredField(String name):返回单个成员变量对象
        Field address = c.getField("address");
        //获取无参构造方法创建对象
        Constructor<?> con = c.getConstructor();
        Object obj = con.newInstance();
        // Field提供有关类或接口的单个字段的信息和动态访问
        //void set (Object obj,Object value)将指定的对象参数中由此 Field对象表示的字段设置为指定的新值
        address.set(obj,"湖南");
        System.out.println(obj);

    }
}

  练习:通过反射实现如下操作
   Student s =new Student();
   s.name ="张三";
   s.age = 30;
   s.address =“西安";
   System.out.println(s);

 */
public class ReflectDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException, NoSuchFieldException {
        //获取Class对象
        Class<?> c = Class.forName("com.ithema_01.Student");

        //Student s = new Student()
        Constructor<?> con = c.getConstructor();
        Object obj = con.newInstance();

        Field name = c.getDeclaredField("name");
        name.setAccessible(true);
        name.set(obj,"张三");
        Field age = c.getDeclaredField("age");
        age.setAccessible(true);
        age.set(obj,21);
        Field address = c.getDeclaredField("address");
        address.setAccessible(true);
        address.set(obj,"西安");
        System.out.println(obj);

    }
}

4.成员方法

 Class类中用于获取成员方法的方法
    Method[] getMethods():返回所有公共成员方法对象的数组，包括继承的
    Method[] getDeclaredMethods():返回所有成员方法对象的数组。不包括继承的
    Method getMethod(String name, Class<?> ... parameterTypes):返回单个公共成员方法对象
    Method getDeclaredMethod(String name,Class<?>... parameterTypes):返回单个成员方法对象
Method类中用于调用成员方法的方法
   Object invoke(Object obj, Object... args):调用obj对象的成员方法，参数是args,返回值是Object类型

public class ReflectDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
        //获取Class对象
        Class<?> c = Class.forName("com.ithema_01.Student");
        //Method[] getMethods():返回所有公共成员方法对象的数组，包括继承的
        //Method[] getDeclaredMethods():返回所有成员方法对象的数组。不包括继承的
//        Method[] methods = c.getMethods();
        Method[] methods = c.getDeclaredMethods();
        for (Method method : methods){
            System.out.println(method);
        }
        System.out.println("--------");
        // Method getMethod(String name, Class<?> ... parameterTypes):返回单个公共成员方法对象
        //Method getDeclaredMethod(String name,Class<?>... parameterTypes):返回单个成员方法对象
        Method m = c.getMethod("method1");
        //获取无参构造方法创建对象
        Constructor<?> con = c.getConstructor();
        Object obj = con.newInstance();
        //Object invoke(Object obj, Object... args):调用obj对象的成员方法，参数是args,返回值是Object类型
        m.invoke(obj);


    }
}

 练习:通过反射实现如下操作
      Student s = new Student();
      s.method1();
      s.method2("林吉霞"");
      String ss = s.method3(”林青百", 30);
      System.out.println(ss);
      s.function();

 */
public class ReflectDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
        //获取Class对象
        Class<?> c = Class.forName("com.ithema_01.Student");

        // Student s = new Student();
        Constructor<?> con = c.getConstructor();
        Object obj = con.newInstance();

        //s.method1();
        Method m1 = c.getMethod("method1");
        m1.invoke(obj);

        // s.method2("林吉霞");
        Method m2 = c.getMethod("method2", String.class);
        m2.invoke(obj,"张三");

        //String ss = s.method3(”林青百", 30);
        //      System.out.println(ss);
        Method m3 = c.getMethod("method3", String.class, int.class);
        Object o = m3.invoke(obj, "张三", 21);
        System.out.println(o);

        //s.function();
        Method m4 = c.getDeclaredMethod("function");
        m4.setAccessible(true);
        m4.invoke(obj);
    }
}

5.练习

1:我有一个ArrayList<Integer>集合，现在我想在这个集合中添加一个字符串数据，如何实现?

public class ReflectTest01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
        //创建集合
        ArrayList<Integer> array = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        array.add(10);
        array.add(34);
        //运用反射
        Class<? extends ArrayList> c = array.getClass();
        Method m = c.getMethod("add", Object.class);
        m.invoke(array,"hello");
        m.invoke(array,"java");
        m.invoke(array,"hello");
        System.out.println(array);
    }
}

2:通过配置文件运行类中的方法

Student类：

public class Student {
    public void study(){
        System.out.println("好好学习天天向上");
    }
}
Teacher类：
public class Teacher {
    public void teach(){
        System.out.println("教书");
    }
}

配置文件：class.txt
className = com.ithema_05.Student
methodName = study

测试类
public class ReflectTest02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
      //加载数据
        Properties prop = new Properties();
        FileReader fr = new FileReader("class.txt");
        prop.load(fr);
        fr.close();
        /*
          className = com.ithema_05.Student
           methodName = study
         */
        String className = prop.getProperty("className");
        String methodName = prop.getProperty("methodName");

        //通过反射来使用
        Class<?> c = Class.forName(className);
        Constructor<?> con = c.getConstructor();
        Object obj = con.newInstance();

        Method m = c.getMethod(methodName);
        m.invoke(obj);
    }
}