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练习题1
令 x = 1 t , d x = − 1 t 2 d t {x = \frac{1}{t},dx = - \frac{1}{{{t^2}}}dt} x=t1,dx=−t21dt
∫ 1 + t + t 2 t 2 d t = 1 + t + t 2 t − 1 2 ∫ 2 t + 1 t 1 + t + t 2 d t = 1 + x + x 2 − ∫ 1 1 + t + t 2 d t − 1 2 ∫ 1 t 1 + t + t 2 d t = 1 + x + x 2 − ln ( t + 1 2 + 1 + t + t 2 ) + 1 2 ∫ − 1 t 2 ( 1 t ) 2 + 1 t + 1 d t = 1 + x + x 2 − ln ( 2 + x + 2 1 + x + x 2 2 x ) + 1 2 ln ( x + 1 2 + 1 + x + x 2 ) = 1 + x + x 2 + ln x + 1 2 ln 2 x + 1 + 2 1 + x + x 2 ( 2 + x + 2 1 + x + x 2 ) 2 + C \begin{array}{l}\int {\frac{{\sqrt {{\rm{1 + t}} + {t^2}} }}{{{t^2}}}} dt\\\;\\ = \frac{{\sqrt {{\rm{1 + t}} + {t^2}} }}{t} - \frac{1}{2}\int {\frac{{2t + 1}}{{t\sqrt {{\rm{1 + t}} + {t^2}} }}} dt\\\;\\ = \sqrt {{\rm{1 + }}x + {x^2}} - \int {\frac{1}{{\sqrt {{\rm{1 + t}} + {t^2}} }}} dt - \frac{1}{2}\int {\frac{1}{{t\sqrt {{\rm{1 + t}} + {t^2}} }}} dt\\\;\\ = \sqrt {{\rm{1 + }}x + {x^2}} - \ln \left( {t + \frac{1}{2} + \sqrt {{\rm{1 + t}} + {t^2}} } \right) + \frac{1}{2}\int {\frac{{ - \frac{1}{{{t^2}}}}}{{\sqrt {{{\left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right)}^2}{\rm{ + }}\frac{1}{t} + 1} }}} dt\\\;\\ = \sqrt {{\rm{1 + }}x + {x^2}} - \ln \left( {\frac{{2 + x + 2\sqrt {{\rm{1 + }}x + {x^2}} }}{{2x}}} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\ln \left( {x + \frac{1}{2} + \sqrt {{\rm{1 + }}x{\rm{ + }}{x^2}} } \right)\\\;\\ = \sqrt {{\rm{1 + }}x + {x^2}} + \ln x + \frac{1}{2}\ln \frac{{2x + 1 + 2\sqrt {{\rm{1 + }}x{\rm{ + }}{x^2}} }}{{{{\left( {2 + x + 2\sqrt {{\rm{1 + }}x + {x^2}} } \right)}^2}}} + C \end{array} ∫t21+t+t2dt=t1+t+t2−21∫t1+t+t22t+1dt=1+x+x2−∫1+t+t21dt−21∫t1+t+t21dt=1+x+x2−ln(t+21+1+t+t2)+21∫(t1)2+t1+1−t21dt=1+x+x2−ln(2x2+x+21+x+x2)+21ln(x+21+1+x+x2)=1+x+x2+lnx+21ln(2+x+21+x+x2)22x+1+21+x+x2+C
练习题2:
(1)原式 = lim n → ∞ ∑ i = 1 n 2 n ⋅ ln ( 1 + i n ) = 2 ∫ 0 1 ln ( 1 + x ) d x = 2 x ln ( 1 + x ) ∣ 0 1 − 2 ∫ 0 1 1 − 1 1 + x d x = 4 ln 2 − 2 {\rm{ = }}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {\frac{2}{n} \cdot \ln } \left( {1 + \frac{i}{n}} \right) = 2\int_0^1 {\ln (1 + x)} dx = 2x\ln \left( {1 + x} \right)|_0^1 - 2\int_0^1 {1 - \frac{1}{{1 + x}}} dx = 4\ln 2 - 2 =n→∞limi=1∑nn2⋅ln(1+ni)=2∫01ln(1+x)dx=2xln(1+x)∣01−2∫011−1+x1dx=4ln2−2
(2)原式 = lim n → ∞ ∑ i = 0 n 1 n ⋅ 1 1 + ( i n ) 2 = ∫ 0 1 1 1 + x 2 d x = ∫ 0 π 4 sec t d t = ln ∣ sec t + tan t ∣ 0 π 4 = ln ( 1 + 2 ) {\rm{ = }}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sum\limits_{i = 0}^n {\frac{1}{n}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sqrt {1 + {{\left( {\frac{i}{n}} \right)}^2}} }} = \int_0^1 {\frac{1}{{\sqrt {1 + {x^2}} }}} dx = \int_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}} {\sec t} dt = \ln \left| {\sec t + \tan t} \right|_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}} = \ln \left( {1 + \sqrt 2 } \right) =n→∞limi=0∑nn1⋅1+(ni)21=∫011+x21dx=∫04πsectdt=ln∣sect+tant∣04π=ln(1+2)
练习题3:
(1)原式 = a 3 ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 t ( 1 − c o s t ) d t = a 3 ∫ 0 π 2 1 + cos 2 t 2 d t − a 3 ∫ 0 π 2 ( 1 − s i n 2 t ) d sin t = a 3 π 4 − a 3 + a 3 3 = a 3 π 4 − 2 a 3 3 = {a^3}\int_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}} {{{\cos }^2}t(1 - cost)} dt = {a^3}\int_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}} {\frac{{1 + \cos 2t}}{2}} dt - {a^3}\int_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}} {(1 - si{n^2}t)} d\sin t = \frac{{{a^3}\pi }}{4} - {a^3} + \frac{{{a^3}}}{3} = \frac{{{a^3}\pi }}{4} - \frac{{2{a^3}}}{3} =a3∫02πcos2t(1−cost)dt=a3∫02π21+cos2tdt−a3∫02π(1−sin2t)dsint=4a3π−a3+3a3=4a3π−32a3
(2)原式 令 x = tan t , d x = sec 2 t d t {x = \tan t,dx = {{\sec }^2}tdt} x=tant,dx=sec2tdt ∫ 0 π 4 ln ( 1 + t a n x ) d x = ∫ 0 π 4 ln ( 1 + t a n ( π 4 − x ) ) d x = ∫ 0 π 4 ln ( 2 1 + tan x ) d x = ∫ 0 π 4 ln 2 d x − ∫ 0 π 4 ln ( 1 + t a n x ) d x → = 1 2 ∫ 0 π 4 ln 2 d x = π 8 ln 2 \begin{array}{l} \int_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}} {\ln (1 + tanx)} dx = \int_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}} {\ln (1 + tan(\frac{\pi }{4} - x))} dx\\\;\\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}} {\ln (\frac{2}{{1 + \tan x}})} dx = \int_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}} {\ln 2dx} {\rm{ - }}\int_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}} {\ln (1 + tanx)} dx \to {\rm{ = }}\frac{{\rm{1}}}{{\rm{2}}}\int_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}} {\ln 2dx} {\rm{ = }}\frac{\pi }{{\rm{8}}}\ln 2 \end{array} ∫04πln(1+tanx)dx=∫04πln(1+tan(4π−x))dx=∫04πln(1+tanx2)dx=∫04πln2dx−∫04πln(1+tanx)dx→=21∫04πln2dx=8πln2