彩色空间转换(编程实现YUV与RGB文件格式的相互转换)


一、实验要求

1. 基本要求(必做)
编写RGB转化为YUV程序,重点掌握函数定义,部分查找表的初始化和调用,缓冲区分配。将得到的RGB文件转换为YUV文件,用YUV Viewer播放器观看,验证是否正确。

2. 提高要求(可选)
编写将YUV转换为RGB的程序。将给定的实验数据用该程序转换为RGB文件。并与原RGB文件进行比较,如果有误差,分析误差来自何处。

注:down.rgb和down.yuv两个文件的分辨率均为256*256。yuv文件为4:2:0采样空间。


二、实验思路

1. 创建1个头文件、2个源程序文件,在主程序中设置初始化参数
定义输入、输出文件指针,定义宽、高变量并赋值,定义四个缓冲区指针。

2. 打开待转换的文件
为rgb、y、u、v(或yuv、r、g、b)四个缓冲区指针分配相应大小的动态内存,用fread函数将rgb文件(或yuv文件)的数据依次读入四个缓冲区。

3. 调用自定义的RGB2YUV(或YUV2RGB)函数
先调用查找表计算相应像素的Y、U、V值,再进行下采样,输出到yuv的缓冲区。
(或者先对U、V分量进行上采样,再调用查找表计算相应像素的R、G、B值,输出到rgb的缓冲区。)

  • 查找表
    由于从内存中提取数值经常要比复杂的计算速度快很多,所以使用查找表得到的速度提升是很显著的。

  • RGB 与 YUV 空间的相互转换

在这里插入图片描述

  • 转换公式
    为将两个色差信号电平控制在-0.5~0.5,零电平对应128的码电平

                                  Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B
                                  U = - 0.1684 R - 0.3316 G + 0.5 B
                                  V = 0.5 R - 0.4187 G - 0.0813 B
    
                                  R = Y + 1.4075 *(V-128) 
                                  G = Y – 0.3455 (U –128) – 0.7169 (V –128) 
                                  B = Y + 1.779 *(U – 128)
    
  • 越界判定
    程序YUV2RGB,计算出的RGB值会超过允许的范围(0-255),会导致图像失真。因此需要舍去超过范围的RGB值,若>255则赋值为255,若<0则赋值为0。

4. 将数据写入文件,释放缓冲区,关闭文件。

5. 在调试中设置程序文件所在的工作目录和主函数所需的命令参数
命令参数分别为:读入待转换的文件名、输出文件名、图像的宽、图像的高。


三、代码实现

1.RGB2YUV

  • 头文件(rgb2yuv.h)
int RGB2YUV (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip);

void InitLookupTable();
  • 源文件(main.cpp)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include "rgb2yuv.h"

#define u_int8_t	unsigned __int8
#define u_int		unsigned __int32
#define u_int32_t	unsigned __int32
#define FALSE		false
#define TRUE		true

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	/* variables controlable from command line */
	u_int frameWidth = 352;			/* --width=<uint> */
	u_int frameHeight = 240;		/* --height=<uint> */
	bool flip = TRUE;				/* --flip */
	unsigned int i;

	/* internal variables */
	char* rgbFileName = NULL;
	char* yuvFileName = NULL;
	FILE* rgbFile = NULL;
	FILE* yuvFile = NULL;
	u_int8_t* rgbBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* yBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* uBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* vBuf = NULL;
	u_int32_t videoFramesWritten = 0;

	/* begin process command line */
	/* point to the specified file names */
	rgbFileName = argv[1];
	yuvFileName = argv[2];

	frameWidth = atoi(argv[3]);
	frameHeight = atoi(argv[4]);
	
	/* open the RGB file */
	rgbFile = fopen(rgbFileName, "rb");
	if (rgbFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find rgb file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The input rgb file is %s\n", rgbFileName);
	}

	/* open the RAW file */
	yuvFile = fopen(yuvFileName, "wb");
	if (yuvFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find yuv file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The output yuv file is %s\n", yuvFileName);
	}

	/* get an input buffer for a frame */
	rgbBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight * 3);

	/* get the output buffers for a frame */
	yBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	uBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);
	vBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);

	if (rgbBuf == NULL || yBuf == NULL || uBuf == NULL || vBuf == NULL)
	{
		printf("no enought memory\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	while (fread(rgbBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight * 3, rgbFile)) 
	{
		if(RGB2YUV(frameWidth, frameHeight, rgbBuf, yBuf, uBuf, vBuf, flip))
		{
			printf("error");
			return 0;
					}

		for (i = 0; i < frameWidth*frameHeight; i++)
		{
			if (yBuf[i] < 16) yBuf[i] = 16;
			if (yBuf[i] > 235) yBuf[i] = 235;
		}

		for (i = 0; i < frameWidth*frameHeight/4; i++)
		{
			if (uBuf[i] < 16) uBuf[i] = 16;
			if (uBuf[i] > 240) uBuf[i] = 240;

			if (vBuf[i] < 16) vBuf[i] = 16;
			if (vBuf[i] > 240) vBuf[i] = 240;
		}

		fwrite(yBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, yuvFile);
		fwrite(uBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4, yuvFile);
		fwrite(vBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4, yuvFile);

		printf("\r...%d", ++videoFramesWritten);
	}

	printf("\n%u %ux%u video frames written\n", 
		videoFramesWritten, frameWidth, frameHeight);

	/* cleanup */

	fclose(rgbFile);
	fclose(yuvFile);

	return(0);
}
  • 源文件(rgb2yuv.cpp)
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "rgb2yuv.h"

static float RGBYUV02990[256], RGBYUV05870[256], RGBYUV01140[256];
static float RGBYUV01684[256], RGBYUV03316[256];
static float RGBYUV04187[256], RGBYUV00813[256];

int RGB2YUV (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip)
{
	static int init_done = 0;

	long i, j, size;
	unsigned char *r, *g, *b;
	unsigned char *y, *u, *v;
	unsigned char *pu1, *pu2, *pv1, *pv2, *psu, *psv;
	unsigned char *y_buffer, *u_buffer, *v_buffer;
	unsigned char *sub_u_buf, *sub_v_buf;

	if (init_done == 0)
	{
		InitLookupTable();
		init_done = 1;
	}

	// check to see if x_dim and y_dim are divisible by 2
	if ((x_dim % 2) || (y_dim % 2)) return 1;
	size = x_dim * y_dim;

	// allocate memory
	y_buffer = (unsigned char *)y_out;
	sub_u_buf = (unsigned char *)u_out;
	sub_v_buf = (unsigned char *)v_out;
	u_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
	v_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
	if (!(u_buffer && v_buffer))
	{
		if (u_buffer) free(u_buffer);
		if (v_buffer) free(v_buffer);
		return 2;
	}

	b = (unsigned char *)bmp;
	y = y_buffer;
	u = u_buffer;
	v = v_buffer;

	// convert RGB to YUV
	if (!flip) {
		for (j = 0; j < y_dim; j ++)
		{
			y = y_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
			u = u_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
			v = v_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;

			for (i = 0; i < x_dim; i ++) {
				g = b + 1;
				r = b + 2;
				*y = (unsigned char)(  RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
				*u = (unsigned char)(- RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b)/2          + 128);
				*v = (unsigned char)(  (*r)/2          - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
				b += 3;
				y ++;
				u ++;
				v ++;
			}
		}
	} else {
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
		{
			g = b + 1;
			r = b + 2;
			*y = (unsigned char)(  RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
			*u = (unsigned char)(- RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b)/2          + 128);
			*v = (unsigned char)(  (*r)/2          - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
			b += 3;
			y ++;
			u ++;
			v ++;
		}
	}

	// subsample UV
	for (j = 0; j < y_dim/2; j ++)
	{
		psu = sub_u_buf + j * x_dim / 2;
		psv = sub_v_buf + j * x_dim / 2;
		pu1 = u_buffer + 2 * j * x_dim;
		pu2 = u_buffer + (2 * j + 1) * x_dim;
		pv1 = v_buffer + 2 * j * x_dim;
		pv2 = v_buffer + (2 * j + 1) * x_dim;
		for (i = 0; i < x_dim/2; i ++)
		{
			*psu = (*pu1 + *(pu1+1) + *pu2 + *(pu2+1)) / 4;
			*psv = (*pv1 + *(pv1+1) + *pv2 + *(pv2+1)) / 4;
			psu ++;
			psv ++;
			pu1 += 2;
			pu2 += 2;
			pv1 += 2;
			pv2 += 2;
		}
	}

	free(u_buffer);
	free(v_buffer);

	return 0;
}


void InitLookupTable()
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV02990[i] = (float)0.2990 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV05870[i] = (float)0.5870 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV01140[i] = (float)0.1140 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV01684[i] = (float)0.1684 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV03316[i] = (float)0.3316 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV04187[i] = (float)0.4187 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV00813[i] = (float)0.0813 * i;
}



2.YUV2RGB

  • 头文件(yuv2rgb.h)
int YUV2RGB(int x_dim, int y_dim, void* bmp, void* y_out, void* u_out, void* v_out, int flip);

void InitLookupTable();

  • 源文件(main.cpp)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>  
#include <malloc.h>
#include "yuv2rgb.h"

#define u_int8_t	unsigned __int8  
#define u_int		unsigned __int32  
#define u_int32_t	unsigned __int32
#define FALSE		false
#define TRUE		true

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	/* variables controlable from command line */
	u_int frameWidth = 352;			/* --width=<uint> */
	u_int frameHeight = 240;		/* --height=<uint> */
	bool flip = TRUE;				/* --flip */
	unsigned int i;

	/* internal variables */
	char* rgbFileName = NULL;
	char* yuvFileName = NULL;
	FILE* rgbFile = NULL;
	FILE* yuvFile = NULL;
	u_int8_t* rgbBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* yBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* uBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* vBuf = NULL;
	u_int32_t videoFramesWritten = 0;

	/* begin process command line */
	/* point to the specified file names */
	yuvFileName = argv[1];
	rgbFileName = argv[2];

	frameWidth = atoi(argv[3]);   
	frameHeight = atoi(argv[4]);

	/* open the YUV file */
	yuvFile = fopen(yuvFileName, "rb");
	if (yuvFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find yuv file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The input yuv file is %s\n", yuvFileName);
	}

	/* open the RGB file */
	rgbFile = fopen(rgbFileName, "wb");
	if (rgbFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find rgb file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The output rgb file is %s\n", rgbFileName);
	}

	/* get an input buffer for a frame */
	rgbBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight * 3);  

	/* get the output buffers for a frame */
	yBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	uBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);
	vBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);

	if (rgbBuf == NULL || yBuf == NULL || uBuf == NULL || vBuf == NULL) 
	{
		printf("no enought memory\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	while (fread(yBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, yuvFile)
		&& fread(uBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight / 4, yuvFile)
		&& fread(vBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight / 4, yuvFile))
	{
		
		if (YUV2RGB(frameWidth, frameHeight, rgbBuf, yBuf, uBuf, vBuf, flip))
		{
			printf("error");
			return 0;
		}
		fwrite(rgbBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight * 3, rgbFile);


		printf("\r...%d", ++videoFramesWritten);
	}

	printf("\n%u %ux%u video frames written\n",
		videoFramesWritten, frameWidth, frameHeight);


	fclose(rgbFile);
	fclose(yuvFile);

	if (rgbBuf != NULL) free(rgbBuf);
	if (yBuf != NULL)free(yBuf);
	if (uBuf != NULL)free(uBuf);
	if (vBuf != NULL)free(vBuf);

	return(0);
}


  • 源文件(yuv2rgb.cpp)
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "yuv2rgb.h"

static float YUVRGB14075[256];
static float YUVRGB03455[256], YUVRGB07169[256];
static float YUVRGB1779[256];

int YUV2RGB(int width, int height, void* rgb_out, void* y_in, void* u_in, void* v_in, int flip)
{
	static int init_done = 0;

	long i, j, size;
	float r1, g1, b1;
	unsigned char* r, * g, * b;
	unsigned char* y, * u, * v;
	unsigned char* y_buffer, * u_buffer, * v_buffer, * rgb_buffer;
	unsigned char* sub_u_buf, * sub_v_buf;

	if (init_done == 0)
	{
		InitLookupTable();
		init_done = 1;
	}


	if ((width % 2) || (height % 2)) return 1;
	size = width * height;


	y_buffer = (unsigned char*)y_in;
	u_buffer = (unsigned char*)u_in;
	v_buffer = (unsigned char*)v_in;
	rgb_buffer = (unsigned char*)rgb_out;
	sub_u_buf = (unsigned char*)malloc(size);
	sub_v_buf = (unsigned char*)malloc(size);

	for (i = 0; i < height; i++)
	{
		for (j = 0; j < width; j++)
		{
			*(sub_u_buf + i * width + j) = *(u_buffer + (i / 2) * (width / 2) + j / 2);
			*(sub_v_buf + i * width + j) = *(v_buffer + (i / 2) * (width / 2) + j / 2);
		}
	}

	b = rgb_buffer;//RGB格式文件储存时顺序为倒序
	y = y_buffer;
	u = sub_u_buf;
	v = sub_v_buf;

	for (i = 0; i < height; i++)
	{
		for (j = 0; j < width; j++)
		{
			g = b + 1;
			r = b + 2;
			r1 = *y + YUVRGB14075[*v];
			g1 = *y - YUVRGB03455[*u] - YUVRGB07169[*v];
			b1 = *y + YUVRGB1779[*u];
			*r = (r1 > 0 ? (r1 > 255 ? 255 : (unsigned char)r1) : 0);
			*g = (g1 > 0 ? (g1 > 255 ? 255 : (unsigned char)g1) : 0);
			*b = (b1 > 0 ? (b1 > 255 ? 255 : (unsigned char)b1) : 0);
			b = b + 3;
			y++;
			u++;
			v++;
		}
	}
	if (sub_u_buf != NULL) free(sub_u_buf);
	if (sub_v_buf != NULL) free(sub_v_buf);



	return 0;
}


void InitLookupTable()
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB14075[i] = (float)1.4075 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB03455[i] = (float)0.3455 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB07169[i] = (float)0.7169 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB1779[i] = (float)1.779 * (i - 128);

}


四、总结分析

1.RGB2YUV

左图为yuv原图,右图为rgb图像转换的yuv图像。可以看出图像一致,转换成功。
经理论分析,图像转换无损。
在这里插入图片描述

2.YUV2RGB

左图为rgb原图,右图为yuv图像转换的rgb图像。可以看出并无明显误差,但经理论分析转换有损。
在这里插入图片描述

误差分析

  1. 因为YUV采样空间为4:2:0,所以U、V分量只有Y的1/4。在YUV2RGB的转换过程中,需要进行上采样,因此造成了误差。
  2. 公式只保留了四位小数,造成了计算误差。
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