Task02：数据清洗及特征处理

1数据清洗及特征处理

数据清洗简述：我们拿到的数据通常是不干净的，所谓的不干净，就是数据中有缺失值，有一些异常点等，需要经过一定的处理才能继续做后面的分析或建模，所以拿到数据的第一步是进行数据清洗，本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作，将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的样子。

#加载所需的库
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

#加载数据train.csv
df=pd.read_csv('train.csv')
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

1.1 缺失值观察与处理

我们拿到的数据经常会有很多缺失值，比如我们可以看到Cabin列存在NaN，那其他列还有没有缺失值，这些缺失值要怎么处理呢？

1.1.1 缺失值观察

#请查看每个特征缺失值个数
#方法一(info)：
df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
 #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------       --------------  -----  
 0   PassengerId  891 non-null    int64  
 1   Survived     891 non-null    int64  
 2   Pclass       891 non-null    int64  
 3   Name         891 non-null    object 
 4   Sex          891 non-null    object 
 5   Age          714 non-null    float64
 6   SibSp        891 non-null    int64  
 7   Parch        891 non-null    int64  
 8   Ticket       891 non-null    object 
 9   Fare         891 non-null    float64
 10  Cabin        204 non-null    object 
 11  Embarked     889 non-null    object 
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.7+ KB

#查看Age， Cabin， Embarked列的数据
df[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head()

	Age	Cabin	Embarked
0	22.0	NaN	S
1	38.0	C85	C
2	26.0	NaN	S
3	35.0	C123	S
4	35.0	NaN	S

##方法二(isnull)：
df.isnull().sum()

PassengerId      0
Survived         0
Pclass           0
Name             0
Sex              0
Age            177
SibSp            0
Parch            0
Ticket           0
Fare             0
Cabin          687
Embarked         2
dtype: int64

#只看Age， Cabin， Embarked缺失值个数
df[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].isnull().sum()

Age         177
Cabin       687
Embarked      2
dtype: int64

#any判断某列是否有缺失值并返回Boolean类型
df.isnull().any()

PassengerId    False
Survived       False
Pclass         False
Name           False
Sex            False
Age             True
SibSp          False
Parch          False
Ticket         False
Fare           False
Cabin           True
Embarked        True
dtype: bool

#方法三(isna)：
df.isna().sum()

PassengerId      0
Survived         0
Pclass           0
Name             0
Sex              0
Age            177
SibSp            0
Parch            0
Ticket           0
Fare             0
Cabin          687
Embarked         2
dtype: int64

1.1.2 对缺失值进行处理

#处理缺失值的一般思路：
df=pd.read_csv('train.csv')
#方法一(isna判断的缺失值改为0)：
df[df['Age'].isna()]=0
#方法二(fillna填充缺失值)
df['Age']=df['Age'].fillna(0)
#通过判断Age为false，缺失值已经修改
df['Age'].isnull().any()

False

#方法三(np.nan)
df[df['Age'] == np.nan] = 0
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

#方法四(None)
df[df['Age']==None]=0
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

#下面使用dropna函数
df.dropna().head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
6	7	0	1	McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J	male	54.0	0	0	17463	51.8625	E46	S
10	11	1	3	Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut	female	4.0	1	1	PP 9549	16.7000	G6	S
11	12	1	1	Bonnell, Miss. Elizabeth	female	58.0	0	0	113783	26.5500	C103	S

#使用fillna函数
df.fillna(0).head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	0	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	0	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	0	S

【思考】dropna和fillna有哪些参数，分别如何使用呢?

fillna
method：后向填充
dropna
how：选取指定数据进行出去nan值
thresh=n(n：需要保留nan的个数)

【思考】检索空缺值用np.nan,None以及.isnull()哪个更好，这是为什么？如果其中某个方式无法找到缺失值，原因又是为什么？

pandas会把None自动替换成NaN，numpy和pandas的很多函数能处理NaN，
但是如果遇到None就会报错，而且用None一般索引不到，所以用np.nan比较好。

1.2 重复值观察与处理

由于这样那样的原因，数据中会不会存在重复值呢，如果存在要怎样处理呢？
1.替换重复值
2.删除重复值

1.2.1 请查看数据中的重复值

#写入代码
df.duplicated()

0      False
1      False
2      False
3      False
4      False
       ...  
886    False
887    False
888    False
889    False
890    False
Length: 891, dtype: bool

1.2.2 对重复值进行处理

#重复值有哪些处理方式：
#drop_duplicate方法是对DataFrame格式的数据，去除特定列下面的重复行。返回DataFrame格式的数据
df = df.drop_duplicates()
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

1.2.3 将前面清洗的数据保存为csv格式

df.to_csv('test_clear.csv')

1.3 特征观察与处理

我们对特征进行一下观察，可以把特征大概分为两大类： 数值型特征：Survived ，Pclass， Age ，SibSp， Parch，
Fare，其中Survived， Pclass为离散型数值特征，Age，SibSp， Parch， Fare为连续型数值特征
文本型特征：Name， Sex， Cabin，Embarked， Ticket，其中Sex， Cabin， Embarked，
Ticket为类别型文本特征，数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练，但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化。文本型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。

1.3.1 对年龄进行分箱（离散化）处理

分箱操作是什么：将连续数据转换为分类对应物的过程
两个分类：等距分箱和等频分箱

#将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示，数据保存到test_ave.csv
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'], 5,labels = [1,2,3,4,5])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	2
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	3
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	2
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	3
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	3

df.to_csv('test_ave.csv')

#将连续变量Age划分为(0,5] (5,15] (15,30] (30,50] (50,80]五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示，数据保存到test_cut.csv
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels = [1,2,3,4,5])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	3
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	4
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	3
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	4

df.to_csv('test_cut.csv')

#将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段，并用分类变量12345表示，数据保存到test_pr.csv
df['AgeBand'] = pd.qcut(df['Age'],[0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9],labels = [1,2,3,4,5])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	2
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	5
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	3
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	4

df.to_csv('test_pr.csv')

1.3.2 对文本变量进行转换

#查看文本变量名及种类  
#方法1：
df['Sex'].value_counts()

male      577
female    314
Name: Sex, dtype: int64

#写入代码
df['Cabin'].value_counts()

G6 4
C23 C25 C27 4
B96 B98 4
C22 C26 3
E101 3
…
B41 1
F38 1
B86 1
E10 1
B19 1
Name: Cabin, Length: 147, dtype: int64

df['Embarked'].value_counts()

S    644
C    168
Q     77
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64

#方法2：
df['Sex'].unique()

array(['male', 'female'], dtype=object)

df['Embarked'].nunique()

3

#将类别文本转换为12345
#方法一: replace
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].replace(['male','female'],[1,2])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	2	1
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	5	2
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	3	2
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4	2
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	4	1

#方法二: map
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].map({'male': 1, 'female': 2})
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	Sex_num
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	1
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	2
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	2
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	2
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	1

#方法三: 使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
for a in ['Sex','Cabin','Embarked']:
    lbl = LabelEncoder()  
    label_dict = dict(zip(df[a].unique(), range(df[a].nunique())))
    df[a + "_labelEncode"] = df[a].map(label_dict)
    df[a + "_labelEncode"] = lbl.fit_transform(df[a].astype(str))
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	Sex_num	Sex_labelEncode	Cabin_labelEncode	Embarked_labelEncode
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	1	1	147	2
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	2	0	81	0
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	2	0	147	2
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	2	0	55	2
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	1	1	147	2

#将类别文本转换为one-hot编码
#方法一: OneHotEncoder
'''
prefix : 给输出的列添加前缀，这里的prefix就是Sex,Cabin,Embarked
prefix_sep:更改连接符(_)
当axis = 1的时候，concat就是行对齐，然后将不同列名称的两张表合并(df,x)
'''
for a in ['Sex','Cabin','Embarked']:
    x = pd.get_dummies(df[a], prefix=a)
    df = pd.concat([df, x], axis=1)   
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	...	Cabin_F G73	Cabin_F2	Cabin_F33	Cabin_F38	Cabin_F4	Cabin_G6	Cabin_T	Embarked_C	Embarked_Q	Embarked_S
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1

5 rows × 259 columns

1.3.3 从纯文本Name特征里提取出Titles的特征(所谓的Titles就是Mr,Miss,Mrs等)

#expand表示是否把series类型转化为DataFrame类型
df['Title'] = df.Name.str.extract('([A-Za-z]+)\.', expand=False)
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	...	Cabin_F2	Cabin_F33	Cabin_F38	Cabin_F4	Cabin_G6	Cabin_T	Embarked_C	Embarked_Q	Embarked_S	Title
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Mr
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	Mrs
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Miss
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Mrs
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Mr

5 rows × 260 columns

#保存最终你完成的已经清理好的数据
df.to_csv('test_fin.csv')