a
2
−
b
2
=
(
a
+
b
)
(
a
−
b
)
a^2-b^2=(a+b)(a-b)
a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
立方和/差
a
3
±
b
3
=
(
a
±
b
)
(
a
2
∓
a
b
+
b
2
)
a^3 \pm b^3=(a \pm b)(a^2 \mp ab+b^2)
a3±b3=(a±b)(a2∓ab+b2)
完全平方
(
a
±
b
)
2
=
a
2
±
2
a
b
+
b
2
(a \pm b)^2=a^2 \pm 2ab + b^2
(a±b)2=a2±2ab+b2
完全立方
(
a
±
b
)
3
=
a
3
±
3
a
2
b
+
3
a
b
2
±
b
3
(a \pm b)^3=a^3 \pm 3a^2b + 3ab^2 \pm b^3
(a±b)3=a3±3a2b+3ab2±b3
二项式
(
a
+
b
)
n
=
∑
k
=
0
n
C
n
k
a
k
b
n
−
k
(a + b)^n=\sum_{k=0}^n C_n^k a^kb^{n-k}
(a+b)n=k=0∑nCnkakbn−k
拉格朗日恒等式
(
a
2
+
b
2
)
(
c
2
+
d
2
)
=
(
a
c
+
b
d
)
2
+
(
a
d
−
b
c
)
2
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
)
(
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
)
=
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
)
2
+
∑
1
≤
i
<
≤
j
<
n
(
a
i
b
j
−
a
j
b
i
)
2
(a^2+b^2)(c^2+d^2)=(ac+bd)^2+(ad-bc)^2\\(\sum_{i=1}^na_i^2) (\sum_{i=1}^nb_i^2) =(\sum_{i=1}^na_ib_i)^2+\sum_{1\le i < \le j < n}(a_ib_j-a_jb_i)^2
(a2+b2)(c2+d2)=(ac+bd)2+(ad−bc)2(i=1∑nai2)(i=1∑nbi2)=(i=1∑naibi)2+1≤i<≤j<n∑(aibj−ajbi)2
欧拉公式
a
3
+
b
3
+
c
3
−
3
a
b
c
=
(
a
+
b
+
c
)
(
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
−
a
b
−
a
c
−
b
c
)
a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc=(a+b+c)(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-ac-bc)
a3+b3+c3−3abc=(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2−ab−ac−bc)
三立方数和
(
9
n
4
)
3
+
(
3
n
−
9
n
4
)
3
+
(
1
−
9
n
3
)
3
=
1
(
1
+
6
n
3
)
3
+
(
1
−
6
n
3
)
3
+
(
−
6
c
2
)
3
=
2
(9n^4)^3+(3n-9n^4)^3+(1-9n^3)^3=1\\(1+6n^3)^3+(1-6n^3)^3+(-6c^2)^3=2
(9n4)3+(3n−9n4)3+(1−9n3)3=1(1+6n3)3+(1−6n3)3+(−6c2)3=2
拉马努金恒等式
(
3
a
2
+
5
a
b
−
5
b
2
)
3
+
(
4
a
2
−
4
a
b
+
6
b
2
)
3
+
(
5
a
2
−
5
a
b
−
3
b
2
)
3
=
(
6
a
2
−
4
a
b
+
4
b
2
)
3
(3a^2+5ab-5b^2)^3+(4a^2-4ab+6b^2)^3+(5a^2-5ab-3b^2)^3=(6a^2-4ab+4b^2)^3
(3a2+5ab−5b2)3+(4a2−4ab+6b2)3+(5a2−5ab−3b2)3=(6a2−4ab+4b2)3
∑
k
=
0
n
(
a
+
k
d
)
=
(
a
+
d
n
2
)
(
n
+
1
)
\sum_{k=0}^n (a+kd)=(a+\frac{dn}{2})(n+1)
k=0∑n(a+kd)=(a+2dn)(n+1)
等比数列
∑
k
=
0
n
a
q
k
=
a
(
q
n
+
1
−
1
)
q
−
1
\sum_{k=0}^n aq^k=\frac{a(q^{n+1}-1)}{q-1}
k=0∑naqk=q−1a(qn+1−1)
q
≠
1
q \ne 1
q=1
自然数列
∑
k
=
1
n
k
=
1
2
n
(
n
+
1
)
\sum_{k=1}^n k =\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)
k=1∑nk=21n(n+1)
平方数列
∑
k
=
1
n
k
2
=
1
6
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
2
n
−
1
)
\sum_{k=1}^n k^2=\frac{1}{6}n(n+1)(2n-1)
k=1∑nk2=61n(n+1)(2n−1)
立方数列
∑
k
=
1
n
k
3
=
1
4
n
2
(
n
+
1
)
2
\sum_{k=1}^n k^3=\frac{1}{4}n^2(n+1)^2
k=1∑nk3=41n2(n+1)2
高次数列-Faulhaber公式
∑
k
=
1
n
k
p
=
1
p
+
1
∑
k
=
0
p
C
p
+
1
k
B
k
n
p
−
k
+
1
\sum_{k=1}^n k^p=\frac{1}{p+1}\sum_{k=0}^p C_{p+1}^kB_kn^{p-k+1}
k=1∑nkp=p+11k=0∑pCp+1kBknp−k+1
伯努利数:
∑
k
=
0
p
C
p
+
1
k
B
k
≡
0
\sum_{k=0}^p C_{p+1}^kB_k \equiv 0
k=0∑pCp+1kBk≡0
余弦
∑
k
=
0
n
cos
(
k
x
)
=
sin
(
x
)
+
sin
(
n
x
)
+
sin
(
(
n
+
1
)
x
)
2
sin
(
x
)
\sum_{k=0}^n \cos(kx)=\frac{\sin (x)+\sin (nx)+\sin ((n+1)x)}{2\sin (x)}
k=0∑ncos(kx)=2sin(x)sin(x)+sin(nx)+sin((n+1)x)
使用欧拉公式
e
i
x
=
cos
x
+
i
sin
x
e^{ix}=\cos x + i\sin x
eix=cosx+isinx
正弦
∑
k
=
0
n
sin
(
k
x
)
=
1
+
cos
(
x
)
−
cos
(
n
x
)
−
cos
(
(
n
+
1
)
x
)
2
sin
x
\sum_{k=0}^n \sin(kx)=\frac{1+\cos (x)-\cos (nx)-\cos ((n+1)x)}{2\sin x}
k=0∑nsin(kx)=2sinx1+cos(x)−cos(nx)−cos((n+1)x)
-
∑
k
=
1
n
k
q
k
=
q
(
1
−
q
n
(
1
−
q
)
2
−
n
q
n
1
−
q
)
\sum_{k=1}^n kq^k=q(\frac{1-q^n}{(1-q)^2}-\frac{nq^n}{1-q})
k=1∑nkqk=q((1−q)21−qn−1−qnqn)
q
≠
1
q \ne 1
q=1
-
∑
k
=
0
n
1
(
a
+
k
d
)
(
a
+
(
k
+
1
)
d
)
=
1
d
(
1
a
−
1
a
+
(
n
+
1
)
d
)
\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{1}{(a+kd)(a+(k+1)d)}=\frac{1}{d}(\frac{1}{a}-\frac{1}{a+(n+1)d})
k=0∑n(a+kd)(a+(k+1)d)1=d1(a1−a+(n+1)d1)
三角函数
形式
正弦
余弦
正切
基本
s
i
n
(
a
)
=
−
s
i
n
(
−
a
)
=
s
i
n
(
2
n
π
+
a
)
=
s
i
n
(
π
−
a
)
sin(a)=-sin(-a)\\=sin(2n\pi + a)=sin(\pi - a)
sin(a)=−sin(−a)=sin(2nπ+a)=sin(π−a)
c
o
s
(
a
)
=
c
o
s
(
−
a
)
=
c
o
s
(
2
n
π
+
a
)
=
−
c
o
s
(
π
−
a
)
cos(a)=cos(-a)\\=cos(2n\pi + a)=-cos(\pi - a)
cos(a)=cos(−a)=cos(2nπ+a)=−cos(π−a)
t
a
n
(
a
)
=
−
t
a
n
(
−
a
)
=
s
i
n
(
n
π
+
a
)
=
1
t
a
n
(
π
2
−
a
)
tan(a)=-tan(-a)\\=sin(n\pi+a)=\frac{1}{tan(\frac{\pi}{2}-a)}
tan(a)=−tan(−a)=sin(nπ+a)=tan(2π−a)1
和差角
s
i
n
(
a
±
b
)
=
s
i
n
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
±
c
o
s
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
b
)
sin(a\pm b)=sin(a)cos(b) \pm cos(a)sin(b)
sin(a±b)=sin(a)cos(b)±cos(a)sin(b)
c
o
s
(
a
±
b
)
=
c
o
s
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
∓
c
o
s
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
cos(a\pm b)=cos(a)cos(b)\mp cos(a)cos(b)
cos(a±b)=cos(a)cos(b)∓cos(a)cos(b)
t
a
n
(
a
±
b
)
=
t
a
n
(
a
)
±
t
a
n
(
b
)
1
∓
t
a
n
(
a
)
t
a
n
(
b
)
tan(a\pm b)=\frac{tan(a)\pm tan(b)}{1 \mp tan(a)tan(b)}
tan(a±b)=1∓tan(a)tan(b)tan(a)±tan(b)
和差化积
s
i
n
(
a
+
b
)
+
s
i
n
(
a
−
b
)
=
2
s
i
n
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
s
i
n
(
a
+
b
)
−
s
i
n
(
a
−
b
)
=
2
c
o
s
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
b
)
sin(a+b)+sin(a-b)=2sin (a)cos(b)\\sin(a+b)-sin(a-b)=2cos (a) sin (b)
sin(a+b)+sin(a−b)=2sin(a)cos(b)sin(a+b)−sin(a−b)=2cos(a)sin(b)
c
o
s
(
a
+
b
)
+
c
o
s
(
a
−
b
)
=
2
c
o
s
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
c
o
s
(
a
+
b
)
−
c
o
s
(
a
−
b
)
=
−
2
s
i
n
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
b
)
cos(a+b)+cos(a-b)=2cos(a)cos(b)\\cos(a+b)-cos(a-b)=-2sin(a)sin(b)
cos(a+b)+cos(a−b)=2cos(a)cos(b)cos(a+b)−cos(a−b)=−2sin(a)sin(b)
t
a
n
(
a
)
±
t
a
n
(
b
)
=
s
i
n
(
a
±
b
)
c
o
s
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
tan(a)\pm tan(b)=\frac{sin(a\pm b)}{cos(a)cos(b)}
tan(a)±tan(b)=cos(a)cos(b)sin(a±b)
万能公式
s
i
n
(
a
)
=
2
t
a
n
(
a
/
2
)
1
+
t
a
n
2
(
a
/
2
)
sin(a)=\frac{2tan(a/2)}{1+tan^2(a/2)}
sin(a)=1+tan2(a/2)2tan(a/2)
c
o
s
(
a
)
=
1
−
t
a
n
2
(
a
/
2
)
1
+
t
a
n
2
(
a
/
2
)
cos(a)=\frac{1-tan^2(a/2)}{1+tan^2(a/2)}
cos(a)=1+tan2(a/2)1−tan2(a/2)
t
a
n
(
a
)
=
2
t
a
n
(
a
/
2
)
1
−
t
a
n
2
(
a
/
2
)
tan(a)=\frac{2tan (a/2)}{1-tan^2(a/2)}
tan(a)=1−tan2(a/2)2tan(a/2)
半角
s
i
n
a
2
=
±
1
−
c
o
s
(
a
)
2
sin\frac{a}{2}=\pm \sqrt {\frac{1-cos(a)}{2}}
sin2a=±21−cos(a)
c
o
s
a
2
=
±
c
o
s
(
a
)
+
1
2
cos\frac{a}{2}=\pm \sqrt {\frac{cos(a)+1}{2}}
cos2a=±2cos(a)+1
t
a
n
a
2
=
s
i
n
(
a
)
1
+
c
o
s
(
a
)
=
1
−
c
o
s
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
a
)
tan\frac{a}{2}= \frac {sin(a)} {1+cos(a)} = \frac {1-cos(a)}{sin(a)}
tan2a=1+cos(a)sin(a)=sin(a)1−cos(a)
二倍角
s
i
n
(
2
a
)
=
2
c
o
s
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
a
)
sin(2a)=2cos(a)sin(a)
sin(2a)=2cos(a)sin(a)
c
o
s
(
2
a
)
=
2
c
o
s
2
(
a
)
−
1
cos(2a)= 2cos^2(a)-1
cos(2a)=2cos2(a)−1
t
a
n
(
2
a
)
=
2
t
a
n
(
a
)
1
−
t
a
n
2
(
a
)
tan(2a)=\frac{2tan(a)}{1-tan^2(a)}
tan(2a)=1−tan2(a)2tan(a)
三倍角
s
i
n
(
3
a
)
=
(
4
c
o
s
2
(
a
)
−
1
)
s
i
n
(
a
)
sin(3a)=(4cos^2(a)-1)sin(a)
sin(3a)=(4cos2(a)−1)sin(a)
c
o
s
(
3
a
)
=
4
c
o
s
3
(
a
)
−
3
c
o
s
(
a
)
cos(3a)=4cos^3(a)-3cos(a)
cos(3a)=4cos3(a)−3cos(a)
t
a
n
(
3
a
)
=
3
t
a
n
(
a
)
−
t
a
n
2
(
a
)
1
−
3
t
a
n
2
(
a
)
tan(3a)=\frac{3tan(a)-tan^2(a)}{1-3tan^2(a)}
tan(3a)=1−3tan2(a)3tan(a)−tan2(a)
四倍角
s
i
n
(
4
a
)
=
(
8
c
o
s
3
(
a
)
−
4
c
o
s
(
a
)
)
s
i
n
(
a
)
sin(4a)=(8cos^3(a)-4cos(a))sin(a)
sin(4a)=(8cos3(a)−4cos(a))sin(a)
c
o
s
(
4
a
)
=
8
c
o
s
4
(
a
)
−
8
c
o
s
2
(
a
)
+
1
cos(4a)=8cos^4(a)-8cos^2(a)+1
cos(4a)=8cos4(a)−8cos2(a)+1
t
a
n
(
4
a
)
=
4
t
a
n
(
a
)
−
4
t
a
n
3
(
a
)
1
−
6
t
a
n
2
(
a
)
+
t
a
n
4
(
a
)
tan(4a)=\frac{4tan(a)-4tan^3(a)}{1-6tan^2(a)+tan^4(a)}
tan(4a)=1−6tan2(a)+tan4(a)4tan(a)−4tan3(a)
相关公式:
s
i
n
2
(
a
)
+
c
o
s
2
(
a
)
=
1
,
s
i
n
(
a
)
=
c
o
s
(
π
/
2
−
a
)
,
t
a
n
(
a
)
=
s
i
n
(
a
)
/
c
o
s
(
a
)
sin^2(a)+cos^2(a)=1, sin(a)=cos(\pi/2-a), tan(a)=sin(a)/cos(a)
sin2(a)+cos2(a)=1,sin(a)=cos(π/2−a),tan(a)=sin(a)/cos(a) 辅助角公式:
A
sin
(
x
)
+
B
cos
(
x
)
=
A
2
+
B
2
s
i
n
(
x
+
arctan
B
A
)
A\sin(x)+B\cos(x)=\sqrt{A^2+B^2}sin(x+\arctan\frac{B}{A})
Asin(x)+Bcos(x)=A2+B2sin(x+arctanAB)
x
a
+
b
=
x
a
x
b
(
x
y
)
a
=
x
a
y
x^{a+b}=x^ax^b\\(xy)^a=x^ay
xa+b=xaxb(xy)a=xay
对数
l
o
g
b
(
x
a
)
=
a
l
o
g
b
(
x
)
l
o
g
a
(
x
y
)
=
l
o
g
a
(
x
)
+
l
o
g
a
(
y
)
log_b(x^a)=a\ log_b(x)\\log_a(xy)=log_a(x)+log_a(y)
logb(xa)=alogb(x)loga(xy)=loga(x)+loga(y)
对数换底
l
o
g
b
(
a
)
=
l
o
g
c
(
a
)
l
o
g
c
(
b
)
log_b(a)=\frac{log_c(a) }{log_c(b)}
logb(a)=logc(b)logc(a)
不等式
名字
内容
备注
均值不等式
n
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
−
1
≤
∏
i
=
1
n
a
i
n
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
n
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
n
\frac {n}{\sum_{i=1}^n a_i^{-1} } \le \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^n a_i} \le \frac {\sum_{i=1}^n a_i }{n} \le \sqrt{\frac {\sum_{i=1}^n a_i^2}{n}}
∑i=1nai−1n≤ni=1∏nai≤n∑i=1nai≤n∑i=1nai2
排序不等式
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
>
=
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
c
i
>
=
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
n
+
1
−
i
\sum_{i=1}^n a_ib_i>=\sum_{i=1}^n a_ic_i>=\sum_{i=1}^n a_ib_{n+1-i}
i=1∑naibi>=i=1∑naici>=i=1∑naibn+1−i
{
a
i
}
,
{
b
i
}
\{a_i\},\{b_i\}
{ai},{bi} 都是递增数列,
{
c
i
}
\{c_i\}
{ci} 是
{
b
i
}
\{b_i\}
{bi} 打乱顺序的数列
柯西不等式
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
>
=
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
)
2
\sum_{i=1}^n a_i^2 \sum_{i=1}^n b_i^2 >= (\sum_{i=1}^n a_ib_i)^2
i=1∑nai2i=1∑nbi2>=(i=1∑naibi)2
三角不等式
∣
a
∣
−
∣
b
∣
≤
∣
a
±
b
∣
≤
∣
a
∣
+
∣
b
∣
∑
i
=
1
n
(
a
i
+
b
i
)
2
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
+
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
|a|-|b| \le |a \pm b | \le |a|+|b|\\\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n(a_i+b_i)^2}\le\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^na_i^2}+\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n b_i^2}
∣a∣−∣b∣≤∣a±b∣≤∣a∣+∣b∣i=1∑n(ai+bi)2≤i=1∑nai2+i=1∑nbi2
代数方程
方程
解
a
x
+
b
=
0
ax+b=0
ax+b=0
x
=
−
b
a
x=-\frac{b}{a}
x=−ab
a
1
x
+
b
1
y
=
c
1
a
2
x
+
b
2
y
=
c
2
a_1x+b_1y=c_1\\a_2x+b_2y=c_2
a1x+b1y=c1a2x+b2y=c2
x
=
b
2
c
1
−
b
1
c
2
a
1
b
2
−
a
2
b
1
y
=
a
1
c
2
−
a
2
c
1
a
1
b
2
−
a
2
b
1
x=\frac{b_2c_1-b_1c_2}{a_1b_2-a_2b_1}\\\ \\y=\frac{a_1c_2-a_2c_1}{a_1b_2-a_2b_1}
x=a1b2−a2b1b2c1−b1c2y=a1b2−a2b1a1c2−a2c1
a
1
x
+
b
1
y
+
c
1
z
=
d
1
a
2
x
+
b
2
y
+
c
2
z
=
d
2
a
3
x
+
b
3
y
+
c
3
z
=
d
3
a_1x+b_1y+c_1z=d_1\\a_2x+b_2y+c_2z=d_2\\a_3x+b_3y+c_3z=d_3
a1x+b1y+c1z=d1a2x+b2y+c2z=d2a3x+b3y+c3z=d3
x
=
d
1
b
2
c
3
+
d
2
b
3
c
1
+
d
3
b
1
c
2
−
d
1
b
3
c
2
−
d
2
b
1
c
3
−
d
3
b
2
c
1
a
1
b
2
c
3
+
a
2
b
3
c
1
+
a
3
b
1
c
2
−
a
1
b
3
c
2
−
a
2
b
1
c
3
−
a
3
b
2
c
1
y
=
a
1
d
2
c
3
+
a
2
d
3
c
1
+
a
3
d
1
c
2
−
a
1
d
3
c
2
−
a
2
d
1
c
3
−
a
3
d
2
c
1
a
1
b
2
c
3
+
a
2
b
3
c
1
+
a
3
b
1
c
2
−
a
1
b
3
c
2
−
a
2
b
1
c
3
−
a
3
b
2
c
1
z
=
a
1
b
2
d
3
+
a
2
b
3
d
1
+
a
3
b
1
d
2
−
a
1
b
3
d
2
−
a
2
b
1
d
3
−
a
3
b
2
d
1
a
1
b
2
c
3
+
a
2
b
3
c
1
+
a
3
b
1
c
2
−
a
1
b
3
c
2
−
a
2
b
1
c
3
−
a
3
b
2
c
1
x=\frac{d_1b_2c_3+d_2b_3c_1+d_3b_1c_2-d_1b_3c_2-d_2b_1c_3-d_3b_2c_1}{a_1b_2c_3+a_2b_3c_1+a_3b_1c_2-a_1b_3c_2-a_2b_1c_3-a_3b_2c_1}\\\ \\y=\frac{a_1d_2c_3+a_2d_3c_1+a_3d_1c_2-a_1d_3c_2-a_2d_1c_3-a_3d_2c_1}{a_1b_2c_3+a_2b_3c_1+a_3b_1c_2-a_1b_3c_2-a_2b_1c_3-a_3b_2c_1}\\\ \\z=\frac{a_1b_2d_3+a_2b_3d_1+a_3b_1d_2-a_1b_3d_2-a_2b_1d_3-a_3b_2d_1}{a_1b_2c_3+a_2b_3c_1+a_3b_1c_2-a_1b_3c_2-a_2b_1c_3-a_3b_2c_1}
x=a1b2c3+a2b3c1+a3b1c2−a1b3c2−a2b1c3−a3b2c1d1b2c3+d2b3c1+d3b1c2−d1b3c2−d2b1c3−d3b2c1y=a1b2c3+a2b3c1+a3b1c2−a1b3c2−a2b1c3−a3b2c1a1d2c3+a2d3c1+a3d1c2−a1d3c2−a2d1c3−a3d2c1z=a1b2c3+a2b3c1+a3b1c2−a1b3c2−a2b1c3−a3b2c1a1b2d3+a2b3d1+a3b1d2−a1b3d2−a2b1d3−a3b2d1
a
x
2
+
b
x
+
c
=
0
ax^2+bx+c=0
ax2+bx+c=0
x
=
−
b
±
b
2
−
4
a
c
2
a
x=\frac{ -b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
x=2a−b±b2−4ac
∣
x
→
∣
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
|\overrightarrow{x}|=\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^nx_i^2}
∣x∣=i=1∑nxi2
点乘/内积
x
→
⋅
y
→
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
y
i
\overrightarrow{x} \cdot \overrightarrow{y}=\sum_{i=1}^nx_iy_i
x⋅y=i=1∑nxiyi
内角
θ
=
arccos
x
→
⋅
y
→
∣
x
→
∣
∣
y
→
∣
\theta=\arccos \frac{\overrightarrow{x} \cdot \overrightarrow{y}}{|\overrightarrow{x}||\overrightarrow{y}|}
θ=arccos∣x∣∣y∣x⋅y
叉乘/外积
x
→
×
y
→
=
(
x
2
y
3
−
x
3
y
2
,
x
3
y
1
−
x
1
y
3
,
x
1
y
2
−
x
2
y
3
)
\overrightarrow{x} \times \overrightarrow{y}=(x_2y_3-x_3y_2,x_3y_1-x_1y_3,x_1y_2-x_2y_3)
x×y=(x2y3−x3y2,x3y1−x1y3,x1y2−x2y3)
几何学
面积
几何体
面积公式
备注
三角形
S
=
a
b
sin
C
2
S=\frac{ab\sin C}{2}
S=2absinC
相邻边长为
a
,
b
a,b
a,b,夹角为
C
C
C
平行四边形
S
=
a
b
sin
θ
S=ab\sin\theta
S=absinθ
相邻边长为
a
,
b
a,b
a,b,其中一内角为
θ
\theta
θ
矩形
S
=
a
b
S=ab
S=ab
长宽为
a
,
b
a,b
a,b
菱形
S
=
d
1
d
2
2
S=\frac{d_1d_2}{2}
S=2d1d2
对角线长为
d
1
,
d
2
d_1,d_2
d1,d2
梯形
S
=
(
a
+
b
)
h
2
S=\frac{(a+b)h}{2}
S=2(a+b)h
上下底为
a
,
b
a,b
a,b,高为
h
h
h
圆内接四边形-婆罗摩笈多公式
S
=
(
p
−
a
)
(
p
−
b
)
(
p
−
c
)
(
p
−
d
)
S=\sqrt{(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)(p-d)}
S=(p−a)(p−b)(p−c)(p−d)
四条边长为
a
,
b
,
c
,
d
a,b,c,d
a,b,c,d
任意四边形
S
=
(
p
−
a
)
(
p
−
b
)
(
p
−
c
)
(
p
−
d
)
−
a
b
c
d
cos
2
θ
S=\sqrt{(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)(p-d)-abcd\cos^2\theta}
S=(p−a)(p−b)(p−c)(p−d)−abcdcos2θ
四条边长为
a
,
b
,
c
,
d
a,b,c,d
a,b,c,d,对角和的一半
θ
\theta
θ
圆/椭圆
S
=
π
a
b
S=\pi ab
S=πab
半长/短轴长为
a
,
b
a,b
a,b
正多边形
S
=
a
2
4
n
tan
(
π
/
n
)
S=\frac{a^2}{4}\frac{n}{\tan(\pi/n)}
S=4a2tan(π/n)n
边长为
a
a
a,边数为
n
n
n
体积
几何体
体积公式
备注
长方体
V
=
a
b
c
V=abc
V=abc
长宽高为
a
,
b
,
c
a,b,c
a,b,c
柱体
V
=
S
h
V=Sh
V=Sh
横截面积为
S
S
S, 高为
h
h
h
锥体
V
=
S
h
3
V=\frac{Sh}{3}
V=3Sh
底面积为
S
S
S, 高为
h
h
h
球
V
=
4
π
3
R
3
V=\frac{4\pi}{3}R^3
V=34πR3
半径为
R
R
R
台体
V
=
S
1
+
S
1
S
2
+
S
2
3
h
V=\frac{S_1+\sqrt{S_1S_2}+S_2}{3}h
V=3S1+S1S2+S2h
上下底面积为
S
1
,
S
2
S_1,S_2
S1,S2, 高为
h
h
h
正四面体
V
=
2
12
a
3
V=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{12}a^3
V=122a3
边长为
a
a
a
正八面体
V
=
2
3
a
3
V=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}a^3
V=32a3
边长为
a
a
a
正十二面体
V
=
15
+
7
5
4
a
3
V=\frac{15+7\sqrt{5}}{4}a^3
V=415+75a3
边长为
a
a
a
正二十面体
V
=
15
+
5
5
12
a
3
V=\frac{15+5\sqrt{5}}{12}a^3
V=1215+55a3
边长为
a
a
a
解析几何
直角坐标方程
名字
内容
备注
平面直线
x
−
x
1
x
2
−
x
1
=
y
−
y
1
y
2
−
y
1
\frac{x-x_1}{x_2-x_1}=\frac{y-y_1}{y_2-y_1}
x2−x1x−x1=y2−y1y−y1
直线经过点
(
x
1
,
y
1
)
,
(
x
2
,
y
2
)
(x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2)
(x1,y1),(x2,y2)
圆
(
x
−
O
x
)
2
+
(
y
−
O
y
)
2
=
R
2
(x-O_x)^2+(y-O_y)^2=R^2
(x−Ox)2+(y−Oy)2=R2
圆心为
(
O
x
,
O
y
)
(O_x ,O_y)
(Ox,Oy), 半径为
R
R
R
抛物线
y
2
=
2
p
x
y^2=2px
y2=2px
焦点为
(
p
/
2
,
0
)
( p/2,0)
(p/2,0)
椭圆
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
=
1
\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1
a2x2+b2y2=1
焦点为
(
±
a
2
−
b
2
,
0
)
(\pm \sqrt{a^2-b^2},0)
(±a2−b2,0)
双曲线
x
2
a
2
−
y
2
b
2
=
1
\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1
a2x2−b2y2=1
焦点为
(
±
a
2
+
b
2
,
0
)
(\pm \sqrt{a^2+b^2},0)
(±a2+b2,0)
空间直线
x
−
x
1
x
2
−
x
1
=
y
−
y
1
y
2
−
y
1
=
z
−
z
1
z
2
−
z
1
\frac{x-x_1}{x_2-x_1}=\frac{y-y_1}{y_2-y_1}=\frac{z-z_1}{z_2-z_1}
x2−x1x−x1=y2−y1y−y1=z2−z1z−z1
直线经过点
(
x
1
,
y
1
,
z
1
)
,
(
x
2
,
y
2
,
z
2
)
(x_1,y_1,z_1),(x_2,y_2,z_2)
(x1,y1,z1),(x2,y2,z2)
球
(
x
−
O
x
)
2
+
(
y
−
O
y
)
2
+
(
z
−
O
z
)
2
=
R
2
(x-O_x)^2+(y-O_y)^2+(z-O_z)^2=R^2
(x−Ox)2+(y−Oy)2+(z−Oz)2=R2
圆心为
(
O
x
,
O
y
,
O
z
)
(O_x ,O_y,O_z)
(Ox,Oy,Oz), 半径为
R
R
R
空间平面
(
P
1
P
2
→
×
P
1
P
3
→
)
⋅
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
(
P
1
P
2
→
×
P
1
P
3
→
)
⋅
P
1
(\overrightarrow{P_1P_2} \times \overrightarrow{P_1P_3}) \cdot (x,y,z) = (\overrightarrow{P_1P_2} \times \overrightarrow{P_1P_3}) \cdot P_1
(P1P2×P1P3)⋅(x,y,z)=(P1P2×P1P3)⋅P1
平面经过点
P
1
,
P
2
,
P
3
P_1,P_2,P_3
P1,P2,P3且三点不共线
点
(
x
p
,
y
p
)
(x_p,y_p)
(xp,yp)到直线
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
=
0
Ax+By+C=0
Ax+By+C=0距离为
∣
A
x
p
+
B
y
p
+
C
∣
A
2
+
B
2
\frac{|Ax_p+By_p+C|}{\sqrt{A^2+B^2}}
A2+B2∣Axp+Byp+C∣ 点
(
x
p
,
y
p
,
z
p
)
(x_p,y_p,z_p)
(xp,yp,zp)到平面
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
z
+
D
=
0
Ax+By+Cz+D=0
Ax+By+Cz+D=0距离为
∣
A
x
p
+
B
y
p
+
C
z
p
+
D
∣
A
2
+
B
2
+
C
2
\frac{|Ax_p+By_p+Cz_p+D|}{\sqrt{A^2+B^2+C^2}}
A2+B2+C2∣Axp+Byp+Czp+D∣
极坐标方程
名字
内容
备注
直线
ρ
=
d
cos
(
θ
−
θ
0
)
\rho = \frac{d}{\cos(\theta-\theta_0)}
ρ=cos(θ−θ0)d
极点到直线的最近点为
(
d
,
θ
0
)
(d,\theta_0)
(d,θ0)
圆
ρ
2
+
ρ
o
2
−
2
ρ
ρ
o
cos
(
θ
−
θ
o
)
=
R
2
\rho^2+\rho_o^2-2\rho\rho_o\cos(\theta-\theta_o)=R^2
ρ2+ρo2−2ρρocos(θ−θo)=R2
圆心为
(
ρ
o
,
θ
o
)
(\rho_o ,\theta_o)
(ρo,θo), 半径为
R
R
R,此公式实质为余弦定理
圆锥曲线
ρ
=
e
p
1
−
e
cos
(
θ
−
θ
0
)
\rho=\frac{ep}{1-e\cos(\theta-\theta_0)}
ρ=1−ecos(θ−θ0)ep
极点为焦点,离心率为
e
e
e, 焦准距为
p
p
p
平面三角
名字
内容
备注
勾股定理
c
2
=
a
2
+
b
2
c^2=a^2+b^2
c2=a2+b2
余弦定理
c
2
=
a
2
+
b
2
−
2
a
b
c
o
s
C
c^2=a^2+b^2-2ab \ cos\ C
c2=a2+b2−2abcosC
正弦定理
a
s
i
n
(
A
)
=
b
s
i
n
(
B
)
=
c
s
i
n
(
C
)
=
2
R
\frac{a}{sin(A)}=\frac{b}{sin(B)}=\frac{c}{sin(C)}=2R
sin(A)a=sin(B)b=sin(C)c=2R
R
R
R为外接圆半径
海伦公式
S
=
p
(
p
−
a
)
(
p
−
b
)
(
p
−
c
)
S=\sqrt{p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)}
S=p(p−a)(p−b)(p−c)
p
=
a
+
b
+
c
2
p=\frac{a+b+c}{2}
p=2a+b+c
内切圆半径
r
=
2
S
a
+
b
+
c
=
(
p
−
a
)
(
p
−
b
)
(
p
−
c
)
p
r=\frac{2S}{a+b+c}=\sqrt{\frac{(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)}{p}}
r=a+b+c2S=p(p−a)(p−b)(p−c)
p
=
a
+
b
+
c
2
p=\frac{a+b+c}{2}
p=2a+b+c
tan
(
A
)
+
tan
(
B
)
+
tan
(
C
)
=
tan
(
A
)
tan
(
B
)
tan
(
C
)
\tan(A)+\tan(B)+\tan(C)=\tan(A)\tan(B)\tan(C)
tan(A)+tan(B)+tan(C)=tan(A)tan(B)tan(C)
球面三角
名称
内容
边的余弦公式
c
o
s
(
c
)
=
c
o
s
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
+
s
i
n
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
b
)
c
o
s
(
C
)
cos(c)=cos(a)cos(b)+sin(a)sin(b) cos(C)
cos(c)=cos(a)cos(b)+sin(a)sin(b)cos(C)
角的余弦公式
c
o
s
(
C
)
=
−
c
o
s
(
A
)
c
o
s
(
B
)
+
s
i
n
(
A
)
s
i
n
(
B
)
c
o
s
(
c
)
cos(C)= -cos(A)cos(B)+sin(A)sin(B)cos(c)
cos(C)=−cos(A)cos(B)+sin(A)sin(B)cos(c)
正弦公式
s
i
n
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
A
)
=
s
i
n
(
b
)
s
i
n
(
B
)
=
s
i
n
(
c
)
s
i
n
(
C
)
\frac{sin(a)}{sin(A)}= \frac{sin(b)}{sin(B)}= \frac{sin(c)}{sin(C)}
sin(A)sin(a)=sin(B)sin(b)=sin(C)sin(c)
面积公式
S
=
(
A
+
B
+
C
−
π
)
R
2
S=(A+B+C-π)R^2
S=(A+B+C−π)R2
如果
C
C
C是直角, 那有
c
o
s
(
c
)
=
c
o
s
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
=
c
o
t
(
A
)
/
t
a
n
(
B
)
cos(c) = cos(a) cos(b) = cot(A)/tan(B)
cos(c)=cos(a)cos(b)=cot(A)/tan(B)
s
i
n
(
a
)
=
s
i
n
(
c
)
s
i
n
(
A
)
=
t
a
n
(
b
)
/
t
a
n
(
B
)
sin(a) = sin(c) sin(A) = tan(b)/tan(B)
sin(a)=sin(c)sin(A)=tan(b)/tan(B)
s
i
n
(
b
)
=
s
i
n
(
c
)
s
i
n
(
B
)
=
t
a
n
(
a
)
/
t
a
n
(
A
)
sin(b) = sin(c) sin(B)= tan(a)/tan(A)
sin(b)=sin(c)sin(B)=tan(a)/tan(A)
c
o
s
(
A
)
=
c
o
s
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
B
)
=
t
a
n
(
b
)
/
t
a
n
(
c
)
cos(A) =cos(a) sin(B)=tan(b)/tan(c)
cos(A)=cos(a)sin(B)=tan(b)/tan(c)
c
o
s
(
B
)
=
c
o
s
(
b
)
s
i
n
(
A
)
=
t
a
n
(
a
)
/
t
a
n
(
c
)
cos(B) = cos(b) sin(A) = tan(a )/tan(c)
cos(B)=cos(b)sin(A)=tan(a)/tan(c)
统计学
组合数学
名称
内容
排列数
A
n
k
=
n
!
(
n
−
k
)
!
A_n^k=\frac{n!}{(n-k)!}
Ank=(n−k)!n!
组合数
C
n
k
=
n
!
k
!
(
n
−
k
)
!
C_n^k=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}
Cnk=k!(n−k)!n!
Catalan数
C
n
=
1
n
+
1
C
2
n
n
C_n=\frac{1}{n+1}C_{2n}^n
Cn=n+11C2nn
错排数
D
n
=
n
!
∑
k
=
2
n
(
−
1
)
k
k
!
=
⌊
n
!
e
+
1
2
⌋
D_n=n!\sum_{k=2}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{k!}=\lfloor\frac{n!}{e}+\frac{1}{2}\rfloor
Dn=n!k=2∑nk!(−1)k=⌊en!+21⌋
组合数性质:
C
n
k
=
C
n
n
−
k
,
C
n
k
−
1
+
C
n
k
=
C
n
+
1
k
,
∑
k
=
0
n
C
n
k
=
2
n
,
∑
i
=
k
n
C
i
k
=
C
n
+
1
k
+
1
,
∑
i
=
0
k
C
n
i
C
m
k
−
i
=
C
m
+
n
k
C_n^k=C_n^{n-k}, \quad C_n^{k-1}+C_n^k=C_{n+1}^k, \quad \sum_{k=0}^{n}C_n^k=2^n, \quad \sum_{i=k}^nC_i^k=C_{n+1}^{k+1}, \quad \sum_{i=0}^kC_n^iC_m^{k-i}=C_{m+n}^k
Cnk=Cnn−k,Cnk−1+Cnk=Cn+1k,k=0∑nCnk=2n,i=k∑nCik=Cn+1k+1,i=0∑kCniCmk−i=Cm+nk
统计
名称
内容
平均数/期望
E
(
X
)
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
X
i
E(X)=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^nX_i
E(X)=n1i=1∑nXi
方差
D
(
X
)
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
(
X
i
−
E
(
X
)
)
2
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
X
i
2
−
1
n
2
(
∑
i
=
1
n
X
i
)
2
D(X)=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i-E(X))^2\\=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^nX_i^2-\frac{1}{n^2}(\sum_{i=1}^nX_i)^2
D(X)=n1i=1∑n(Xi−E(X))2=n1i=1∑nXi2−n21(i=1∑nXi)2
回归直线
y
=
b
x
+
a
y=bx+a
y=bx+a
b
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
y
i
−
n
x
‾
y
‾
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
−
n
x
‾
2
a
=
y
‾
−
b
x
‾
b=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^nx_iy_i-n\overline{x}\ \overline{y}}{\sum_{i=1}^nx_i^2-n\overline{x}^2}\\\ \\a=\overline{y}-b\overline{x}
b=∑i=1nxi2−nx2∑i=1nxiyi−nxya=y−bx
概率
名称
内容
独立事件
P
(
A
∩
B
)
=
P
(
A
)
P
(
B
)
P(A\cap B)=P(A)P(B)
P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B)
互斥事件
P
(
A
∩
B
)
=
0
P(A\cap B)=0
P(A∩B)=0
条件概率
P
(
A
∣
B
)
=
P
(
A
∩
B
)
P
(
B
)
P(A|B)=\frac{P(A\cap B)}{P(B)}
P(A∣B)=P(B)P(A∩B)
全概率公式
P
(
A
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
P
(
A
∣
B
i
)
P
(
B
i
)
P(A)=\sum_{i=1}^n{P(A| B_i)}{P(B_i)}
P(A)=i=1∑nP(A∣Bi)P(Bi)
并集
P
(
A
∪
B
)
=
P
(
A
)
+
P
(
B
)
−
P
(
A
∩
B
)
P
(
A
∪
B
∪
C
)
=
P
(
A
)
+
P
(
B
)
+
P
(
C
)
−
P
(
A
∩
B
)
−
P
(
A
∩
C
)
−
P
(
B
∩
C
)
+
P
(
A
∩
B
∩
C
)
P(A\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A \cap B)\\P(A\cup B \cup C)=P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P(A \cap B)-P(A \cap C)-P(B \cap C) +P(A \cap B \cap C)
P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)P(A∪B∪C)=P(A)+P(B)+P(C)−P(A∩B)−P(A∩C)−P(B∩C)+P(A∩B∩C)
贝叶斯公式
P
(
A
∣
B
)
=
P
(
B
∣
A
)
P
(
A
)
P
(
B
)
P(A|B) =\frac{P(B|A) P(A)}{P(B)}
P(A∣B)=P(B)P(B∣A)P(A)
二项分布-n次独立实验成功k次
P
(
X
=
k
)
=
C
n
k
p
k
(
1
−
p
)
n
−
k
P(X=k)=C_n^kp^k(1-p)^{n-k}
P(X=k)=Cnkpk(1−p)n−k
正态分布/高斯分布
f
(
x
)
=
1
2
π
σ
e
−
(
x
−
μ
)
2
2
σ
2
f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi} \sigma}e^{-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}
f(x)=2πσ1e−2σ2(x−μ)2