如何防止scrapy爬虫被禁止

最新推荐文章于 2025-02-09 10:30:00 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2025-02-09 10:30:00 发布

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分类专栏： python网络爬虫

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防止scrapy爬虫被禁止的方法包括在middlewares.py中创建RandomUserAgent中间件以动态获取user agent，以及ProxyMiddleware来切换代理。USER_AGENTS和PROXIES配置在settings.py中，同时设置下载延迟。可以考虑使用第三方平台如crawlera进行分布式下载，以增强爬虫的抗封锁能力。

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根据scrapy官方文档：http://doc.scrapy.org/en/master/topics/practices.html#avoiding-getting-banned里面的描述，要防止scrapy被ban，主要有以下几个策略。

1.动态设置user agent
2.禁用cookies
3.设置延迟下载
4.使用IP地址池（Tor project、VPN和代理IP）
5.使用Crawlera

1、创建middlewares.py

scrapy代理IP、user agent的切换都是通过DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES进行控制，下面我们创建middlewares.py文件。

<span style="font-size:14px;">import random
import base64
from settings import PROXIES

class RandomUserAgent(object):
    """Randomly rotate user agents based on a list of predefined ones"""

    def __init__(self, agents):
        self.agents = agents

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        return cls(crawler.settings.getlist('USER_AGENTS'))

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        #print "**************************" + random.choice(self.agents)
        request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', random.choice(self.agents))

class ProxyMiddleware(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
        if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
            request.meta['proxy'] = "http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']
            encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(proxy['user_pass'])
            request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = 'Basic ' + encoded_user_pass
            print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
        else:
            print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
            request.meta['proxy'] = "http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']</span>

类RandomUserAgent主要用来动态获取user agent，user agent列表USER_AGENTS在settings.py中进行配置。

类ProxyMiddleware用来切换代理，proxy列表PROXIES也是在settings.py中进行配置。

2、修改settings.py配置USER_AGENTS和PROXIES

a)：添加USER_AGENTS

<span style="font-size:14px;">USER_AGENTS = [
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20",
    "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52",
]</span>

b)：添加代理IP设置PROXIES

<span style="font-size:14px;">PROXIES = [
    {'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
    {'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
    {'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
    {'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
    {'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
    {'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
]</span>

c)：禁用cookies

<span style="font-size:14px;">COOKIES_ENABLED=False</span>

d)：设置下载延迟

<span style="font-size:14px;">DOWNLOAD_DELAY=3</span>

e)：最后设置DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES

<span style="font-size:14px;">DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   #'cnblogs.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
    'cnblogs.middlewares.RandomUserAgent': 1,
    'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 110,
   #'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 110,
    'cnblogs.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 100,
}</span>

保存settings.py

可以将这几步加到爬虫中测Q试一下.

其实还可以借助第三方平台来进行屏蔽,比如说crawlera,它十一哥利用代理ip地址池来做分布式下载的第三方平台,出了scrapy可以用之外,普通的java\php\python都可以通过curl的方式来进行调用.

crawlera官方网址：http://scrapinghub.com/crawlera/

crawlera帮助文档：http://doc.scrapinghub.com/crawlera.html

参考:

http://www.cnblogs.com/rwxwsblog/p/4575894.html

http://www.cnblogs.com/rwxwsblog/p/4582127.html

https://github.com/jackgitgz/CnblogsSpider