关于MySQL-HA,目前有多种解决方案,比如heartbeat、drbd、mmm、共享存储,但是它们各有优缺点。heartbeat、drbd配置较为复杂,需要自己写脚本才能实现MySQL自动切换,对于不会脚本语言的人来说,这无疑是一种脑裂问题;对于mmm,生产环境中很少有人用,且mmm 管理端需要单独运行一台服务器上,要是想实现高可用,就得对mmm管理端做HA,这样无疑又增加了硬件开支;对于共享存储,个人觉得MySQL数据还是放在本地较为安全,存储设备毕竟存在单点隐患。
使用MySQL双master+keepalived是一种非常好的解决方案,在MySQL-HA环境中,MySQL互为主从关系,这样就保证了两台MySQL数据的一致性,然后用keepalived实现虚拟IP,通过keepalived自带的服务监控功能来实现MySQL故障时自动切换。
下面,我把即将上线的一个生产环境中的架构与大家分享一下,看一下这个架构中,MySQL-HA是如何实现的,环境拓扑如下
1 . MySQL - VIP: 192.168 . 1.200 2 . MySQL - master1: 192.168 . 1.201 3 . MySQL - master2: 192.168 . 1.202 4 . 5 . OS版本:CentOS 5.4 6 . MySQL版本: 5.0 . 89 7 . Keepalived版本: 1.1 . 20
一、MySQL master-master配置
1、修改MySQL配置文件
两台MySQL均如要开启binlog日志功能,开启方法:在MySQL配置文件[MySQLd]段中加上log-bin=MySQL-bin选项
两台MySQL的server-ID不能一样,默认情况下两台MySQL的serverID都是1,需将其中一台修改为2即可
2、将192.168.1.201设为192.168.1.202的主服务器
在192.168.1.201上新建授权用户
1 . MySQL > grant replication slave on * . * to ' replication ' @ ' % ' identified by ' replication ' ; 2 . Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0.00 sec) 3 . 4 . MySQL > show master status; 5 . + -- ----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 6 . | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | 7 . + -- ----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 8 . | MySQL - bin. 000003 | 374 | | | 9 . + -- ----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 10 . 1 row in set ( 0.00 sec)
在192.168.1.202上将192.168.1.201设为自己的主服务器
1 . MySQL > change master to master_host = ' 192.168.1.201 ' ,master_user = ' replication ' ,master_password = ' replication ' ,master_log_file = ' MySQL-bin.000003 ' ,master_log_pos = 374 ; 2 . Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0.05 sec) 3 . 4 . MySQL > start slave; 5 . Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0.00 sec) 6 . 7 . MySQL > show slave status\G 8 . *************************** 1 . row *************************** 9 . Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event 10 . Master_Host: 192.168 . 1.201 11 . Master_User: replication 12 . Master_Port: 3306 13 . Connect_Retry: 60 14 . Master_Log_File: MySQL - bin. 000003 15 . Read_Master_Log_Pos: 374 16 . Relay_Log_File: MySQL - master2 - relay - bin. 000002 17 . Relay_Log_Pos: 235 18 . Relay_Master_Log_File: MySQL - bin. 000003 19 . Slave_IO_Running: Yes 20 . Slave_SQL_Running: Yes 21 . Replicate_Do_DB: 22 . Replicate_Ignore_DB: 23 . Replicate_Do_Table: 24 . Replicate_Ignore_Table: 25 . Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 26 . Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 27 . Last_Errno: 0 28 . Last_Error: 29 . Skip_Counter: 0 30 . Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 374 31 . Relay_Log_Space: 235 32 . Until_Condition: None 33 . Until_Log_File: 34 . Until_Log_Pos: 0 35 . Master_SSL_Allowed: No 36 . Master_SSL_CA_File: 37 . Master_SSL_CA_Path: 38 . Master_SSL_Cert: 39 . Master_SSL_Cipher: 40 . Master_SSL_Key: 41 . Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 42 . 1 row in set ( 0.00 sec)
3、将192.168.1.202设为192.168.1.201的主服务器
在192.168.1.202上新建授权用户
1 . MySQL > grant replication slave on * . * to ' replication ' @ ' % ' identified by ' replication ' ; 2 . Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0.00 sec) 3 . 4 . MySQL > show master status; 5 . + -- ----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 6 . | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | 7 . + -- ----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 8 . | MySQL - bin. 000003 | 374 | | | 9 . + -- ----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 10 . 1 row in set ( 0.00 sec)
在192.168.1.201上,将192.168.1.202设为自己的主服务器
1 . MySQL > change master to master_host = ' 192.168.1.202 ' ,master_user = ' replication ' ,master_password = ' replication ' ,master_log_file = ' MySQL-bin.000003 ' ,master_log_pos = 374 ; 2 . Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0.05 sec) 3 . 4 . MySQL > start slave; 5 . Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0.00 sec) 6 . 7 . MySQL > show slave status\G 8 . *************************** 1 . row *************************** 9 . Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event 10 . Master_Host: 192.168 . 1.202 11 . Master_User: replication 12 . Master_Port: 3306 13 . Connect_Retry: 60 14 . Master_Log_File: MySQL - bin. 000003 15 . Read_Master_Log_Pos: 374 16 . Relay_Log_File: MySQL - master1 - relay - bin. 000002 17 . Relay_Log_Pos: 235 18 . Relay_Master_Log_File: MySQL - bin. 000003 19 . Slave_IO_Running: Yes 20 . Slave_SQL_Running: Yes 21 . Replicate_Do_DB: 22 . Replicate_Ignore_DB: 23 . Replicate_Do_Table: 24 . Replicate_Ignore_Table: 25 . Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 26 . Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 27 . Last_Errno: 0 28 . Last_Error: 29 . Skip_Counter: 0 30 . Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 374 31 . Relay_Log_Space: 235 32 . Until_Condition: None 33 . Until_Log_File: 34 . Until_Log_Pos: 0 35 . Master_SSL_Allowed: No 36 . Master_SSL_CA_File: 37 . Master_SSL_CA_Path: 38 . Master_SSL_Cert: 39 . Master_SSL_Cipher: 40 . Master_SSL_Key: 41 . Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 42 . 1 row in set ( 0.00 sec)
4、MySQL同步测试
如上述均正确配置,现在任何一台MySQL上更新数据都会同步到另一台MySQL,MySQL同步在此不再演示
二、keepalived安装及配置
1、192.168.1.201服务器上keepalived安装及配置
安装keepalived
1 . #tar zxvf keepalived - 1.1 . 20 .tar.gz 2 . #cd keepalived - 1.1 . 20 3 . #. / configure -- prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-164.el5-i686 4 . #make && make install
配置keepalived
我们自己在新建一个配置文件,默认情况下keepalived启动时会去/etc/keepalived目录下找配置文件
1 . #mkdir / etc / keepalived 2 . #vi / etc / keepalived / keepalived.conf 3 . ! Configuration File for keepalived 4 . global_defs { 5 . notification_email { 6 . luwenju @live .cn 7 . } 8 . notification_email_from luwenju @live .cn 9 . smtp_server 127.0 . 0.1 10 . smtp_connect_timeout 30 11 . router_id MySQL - ha 12 . } 13 . 14 . vrrp_instance VI_1 { 15 . state BACKUP #两台配置此处均是BACKUP 16 . interface eth0 17 . virtual_router_id 51 18 . priority 100 #优先级,另一台改为90 19 . advert_int 1 20 . nopreempt #不抢占,只在优先级高的机器上设置即可,优先级低的机器不设置 21 . authentication { 22 . auth_type PASS 23 . auth_pass 1111 24 . } 25 . virtual_ipaddress { 26 . 192.168 . 1.200 27 . } 28 . } 29 . 30 . virtual_server 192.168 . 1.200 3306 { 31 . delay_loop 2 #每个2秒检查一次real_server状态 32 . lb_algo wrr #LVS算法 33 . lb_kind DR #LVS模式 34 . persistence_timeout 60 #会话保持时间 35 . protocol TCP 36 . real_server 192.168 . 1.201 3306 { 37 . weight 3 38 . notify_down / usr / local / MySQL / bin / MySQL.sh #检测到服务down后执行的脚本 39 . TCP_CHECK { 40 . connect_timeout 10 #连接超时时间 41 . nb_get_retry 3 #重连次数 42 . delay_before_retry 3 #重连间隔时间 43 . connect_port 3306 #健康检查端口 44 . } 45 . }
编写检测服务down后所要执行的脚本
#vi / usr / local / MySQL / bin / MySQL.sh #! / bin / sh pkill keepalived #chmod + x / usr / local / MySQL / bin / MySQL.sh
注:此脚本是上面配置文件notify_down选项所用到的,keepalived使用notify_down选项来检查real_server的服务状态,当发现real_server服务故障时,便触发此脚本;我们可以看到,脚本就一个命令,通过pkill keepalived强制杀死keepalived进程,从而实现了MySQL故障自动转移。另外,我们不用担心两个MySQL会同时提供数据更新操作,因为每台MySQL上的keepalived的配置里面只有本机MySQL的IP+VIP,而不是两台MySQL的IP+VIP
启动keepalived
1 . # / usr / local / keepalived / sbin / keepalived –D 2 . #ps - aux | grep keepalived
测试
找一台局域网PC,然后去ping MySQL的VIP,这时候MySQL的VIP是可以ping的通的
停止MySQL服务,看keepalived健康检查程序是否会触发我们编写的脚本
2、192.168.1.202上keepalived安装及配置
安装keepalived
1 . #tar zxvf keepalived - 1.1 . 20 .tar.gz 2 . #cd keepalived - 1.1 . 20 3 . #. / configure -- prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-164.el5-i686 4 . #make && make install
配置keepalived
这台配置和上面基本一样,但有三个地方不同:优先级为90、无抢占设置、real_server为本机IP
1 . #mkdir / etc / keepalived 2 . #vi / etc / keepalived / keepalived.conf 3 . ! Configuration File for keepalived 4 . global_defs { 5 . notification_email { 6 . luwenju @live .cn 7 . } 8 . notification_email_from luwenju @live .cn 9 . smtp_server 127.0 . 0.1 10 . smtp_connect_timeout 30 11 . router_id MySQL - ha 12 . } 13 . 14 . vrrp_instance VI_1 { 15 . state BACKUP 16 . interface eth0 17 . virtual_router_id 51 18 . priority 90 19 . advert_int 1 20 . authentication { 21 . auth_type PASS 22 . auth_pass 1111 23 . } 24 . virtual_ipaddress { 25 . 192.168 . 1.200 26 . } 27 . } 28 . 29 . virtual_server 192.168 . 1.200 3306 { 30 . delay_loop 2 31 . lb_algo wrr 32 . lb_kind DR 33 . persistence_timeout 60 34 . protocol TCP 35 . real_server 192.168 . 1.202 3306 { 36 . weight 3 37 . notify_down / usr / local / MySQL / bin / MySQL.sh 38 . TCP_CHECK { 39 . connect_timeout 10 40 . nb_get_retry 3 41 . delay_before_retry 3 42 . connect_port 3306 43 . } 44 . }
编写检测服务down后所要执行的脚本
1 . #vi / usr / local / MySQL / bin / MySQL.sh 2 . #! / bin / sh 3 . pkill keepalived 4 . #chmod + x / usr / local / MySQL / bin / MySQL.sh 5 . 6 . 启动keepalived 7 . # / usr / local / keepalived / sbin / keepalived –D 8 . #ps - aux | grep keepalived
测试
停止MySQL服务,看keepalived健康检查程序是否会触发我们编写的脚本
三、测试
MySQL远程登录测试
我们找一台安装有MySQL客户端的windows,然后登录VIP,看是否能登录,在登录之两台MySQL服务器都要授权允许从远程登录
1 . MySQL > grant all privileges on * . * to ' root ' @ ' % ' identified by ' 123456 ' ; 2 . Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0.00 sec) 3 . 4 . MySQL > flush privileges ; 5 . Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0.00 sec)
使用客户端登录VIP测试
1 . C:\MySQL\bin > MySQL.exe - uroot - p123456 - h192. 168.1 . 200 - P3306 2 . Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. 3 . Your MySQL connection id is 224 4 . Server version: 5.0 . 89 - log Source distribution 5 . 6 . Type ' help; ' or ' \h ' for help. Type ' \c ' to clear the current input statement. 7 . 8 . MySQL >
● keepalived故障转移测试
※在windows客户端一直去ping VIP,然后关闭192.168.1.201上的keepalived,正常情况下VIP就会切换到192.168.1.202上面去
※开启192.168.1.201上的keepalived,关闭192.168.1.202上的keepalived,看是否能自动切换,正常情况下VIP又会属于192.168.1.201
注:keepalived切换速度还是非常块的,整个切换过程只需1-3秒
● MySQL故障转移测试
※在192.168.1.201上关闭MySQL服务,看VIP是否会切换到192.168.1.202上
※开启192.168.1.201上的MySQL和keepalived,然后关闭192.168.1.202上的MySQL,看VIP是否会切换到192.168.1.201上
下面是用windows客户端连接的MySQL的VIP,在切换时我执行了一个MySQL查询命令,从执行show databases到显示出结果时间为3-5秒(大家可以看到上面有个错误提示,不过不用担心,因为我们的keepalived切换大概为3秒左右,这3秒左右VIP是谁都不属于的)
1 . MySQL > show databases; 2 . ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away 3 . No connection. Trying to reconnect... 4 . Connection id: 592 5 . Current database : *** NONE *** 6 . 7 . + -- ------------------+ 8 . | Database | 9 . + -- ------------------+ 10 . | information_schema | 11 . | MySQL | 12 . | test | 13 . + -- ------------------+ 14 . 3 rows in set ( 9.01 sec)
后话:世间万事万物,都不具备绝对的完美,就像上面的MySQL-HA一样,keepalived只能做到对3306的健康检查,但是做不到比如像MySQL复制中的slave-SQL、slave-IO进程的检查。所以要想做到一些细致的健康检查,还得需要借助额外的监控工具,比如nagios,然后用nagios实现短信、邮件报警,从而能够有效地解决问题。