Java 核心技术 卷I 基础知识 第 14 章 并发

14.1 什么是线程

14.1.1 使用线程给其他任务提供机会

package bounceThread;

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

import javax.swing.*;

/**
 * Shows animated bouncing balls.
 * @version 1.34 2015-06-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class BounceThread
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
         JFrame frame = new BounceFrame();
         frame.setTitle("BounceThread");
         frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
         frame.setVisible(true);
      });
   }
}

/**
 * The frame with panel and buttons.
 */
class BounceFrame extends JFrame
{
   private BallComponent comp;
   public static final int STEPS = 1000;
   public static final int DELAY = 5;


   /**
    * Constructs the frame with the component for showing the bouncing ball and
    * Start and Close buttons
    */
   public BounceFrame()
   {
      comp = new BallComponent();
      add(comp, BorderLayout.CENTER);
      JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel();
      addButton(buttonPanel, "Start", event -> addBall());
      addButton(buttonPanel, "Close", event -> System.exit(0));
      add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
      pack();
   }

   /**
    * Adds a button to a container.
    * @param c the container
    * @param title the button title
    * @param listener the action listener for the button
    */
   public void addButton(Container c, String title, ActionListener listener)
   {
      JButton button = new JButton(title);
      c.add(button);
      button.addActionListener(listener);
   }

   /**
    * Adds a bouncing ball to the canvas and starts a thread to make it bounce
    */
   public void addBall()
   {
      Ball ball = new Ball();
      comp.add(ball);
      Runnable r = () -> { 
         try
         {  
            for (int i = 1; i <= STEPS; i++)
            {
               ball.move(comp.getBounds());
               comp.repaint();
               Thread.sleep(DELAY);
            }
         }
         catch (InterruptedException e)
         {
         }
      };
      Thread t = new Thread(r);
      t.start();
   }
}

14.2 中断线程

14.3 线程状态

14.3.1 新创建线程

14.3.2 可运行线程

14.3.3 被阻塞线程和等待线程

14.3.4 被终止的线程

14.4 线程属性

14.4.1 线程优先级

14.4.2 守护线程

14.5 同 步

14.5.1 竞争条件的一个例子

package unsynch;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * A bank with a number of bank accounts.
 * @version 1.30 2004-08-01
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class Bank
{
   private final double[] accounts;

   /**
    * Constructs the bank.
    * @param n the number of accounts
    * @param initialBalance the initial balance for each account
    */
   public Bank(int n, double initialBalance)
   {
      accounts = new double[n];
      Arrays.fill(accounts, initialBalance);
   }

   /**
    * Transfers money from one account to another.
    * @param from the account to transfer from
    * @param to the account to transfer to
    * @param amount the amount to transfer
    */
   public void transfer(int from, int to, double amount)
   {
      if (accounts[from] < amount) return;
      System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
      accounts[from] -= amount;
      System.out.printf(" %10.2f from %d to %d", amount, from, to);
      accounts[to] += amount;
      System.out.printf(" Total Balance: %10.2f%n", getTotalBalance());
   }

   /**
    * Gets the sum of all account balances.
    * @return the total balance
    */
   public double getTotalBalance()
   {
      double sum = 0;

      for (double a : accounts)
         sum += a;

      return sum;
   }

   /**
    * Gets the number of accounts in the bank.
    * @return the number of accounts
    */
   public int size()
   {
      return accounts.length;
   }
}

package unsynch;

/**
 * This program shows data corruption when multiple threads access a data structure.
 * @version 1.31 2015-06-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class UnsynchBankTest
{
   public static final int NACCOUNTS = 100;
   public static final double INITIAL_BALANCE = 1000;
   public static final double MAX_AMOUNT = 1000;
   public static final int DELAY = 10;
   
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Bank bank = new Bank(NACCOUNTS, INITIAL_BALANCE);
      for (int i = 0; i < NACCOUNTS; i++)
      {
         int fromAccount = i;
         Runnable r = () -> {
            try
            {
               while (true)
               {
                  int toAccount = (int) (bank.size() * Math.random());
                  double amount = MAX_AMOUNT * Math.random();
                  bank.transfer(fromAccount, toAccount, amount);
                  Thread.sleep((int) (DELAY * Math.random()));
               }
            }
            catch (InterruptedException e)
            {
            }            
         };
         Thread t = new Thread(r);
         t.start();
      }
   }
}

14.5.2 竞争条件详解

14.5.3 锁对象

14.5.4 条件对象

package synch;

import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;

/**
 * A bank with a number of bank accounts that uses locks for serializing access.
 * @version 1.30 2004-08-01
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class Bank
{
   private final double[] accounts;
   private Lock bankLock;
   private Condition sufficientFunds;

   /**
    * Constructs the bank.
    * @param n the number of accounts
    * @param initialBalance the initial balance for each account
    */
   public Bank(int n, double initialBalance)
   {
      accounts = new double[n];
      Arrays.fill(accounts, initialBalance);
      bankLock = new ReentrantLock();
      sufficientFunds = bankLock.newCondition();
   }

   /**
    * Transfers money from one account to another.
    * @param from the account to transfer from
    * @param to the account to transfer to
    * @param amount the amount to transfer
    */
   public void transfer(int from, int to, double amount) throws InterruptedException
   {
      bankLock.lock();
      try
      {
         while (accounts[from] < amount)
            sufficientFunds.await();
         System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
         accounts[from] -= amount;
         System.out.printf(" %10.2f from %d to %d", amount, from, to);
         accounts[to] += amount;
         System.out.printf(" Total Balance: %10.2f%n", getTotalBalance());
         sufficientFunds.signalAll();
      }
      finally
      {
         bankLock.unlock();
      }
   }

   /**
    * Gets the sum of all account balances.
    * @return the total balance
    */
   public double getTotalBalance()
   {
      bankLock.lock();
      try
      {
         double sum = 0;

         for (double a : accounts)
            sum += a;

         return sum;
      }
      finally
      {
         bankLock.unlock();
      }
   }

   /**
    * Gets the number of accounts in the bank.
    * @return the number of accounts
    */
   public int size()
   {
      return accounts.length;
   }
}

package synch;

/**
 * This program shows how multiple threads can safely access a data structure.
 * @version 1.31 2015-06-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class SynchBankTest
{
   public static final int NACCOUNTS = 100;
   public static final double INITIAL_BALANCE = 1000;
   public static final double MAX_AMOUNT = 1000;
   public static final int DELAY = 10;
   
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Bank bank = new Bank(NACCOUNTS, INITIAL_BALANCE);
      for (int i = 0; i < NACCOUNTS; i++)
      {
         int fromAccount = i;
         Runnable r = () -> {
            try
            {
               while (true)
               {
                  int toAccount = (int) (bank.size() * Math.random());
                  double amount = MAX_AMOUNT * Math.random();
                  bank.transfer(fromAccount, toAccount, amount);
                  Thread.sleep((int) (DELAY * Math.random()));
               }
            }
            catch (InterruptedException e)
            {
            }            
         };
         Thread t = new Thread(r);
         t.start();
      }
   }
}

14.5.5 synchronized 关键字

package synch2;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * A bank with a number of bank accounts that uses synchronization primitives.
 * @version 1.30 2004-08-01
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class Bank
{
   private final double[] accounts;

   /**
    * Constructs the bank.
    * @param n the number of accounts
    * @param initialBalance the initial balance for each account
    */
   public Bank(int n, double initialBalance)
   {
      accounts = new double[n];
      Arrays.fill(accounts, initialBalance);
   }

   /**
    * Transfers money from one account to another.
    * @param from the account to transfer from
    * @param to the account to transfer to
    * @param amount the amount to transfer
    */
   public synchronized void transfer(int from, int to, double amount) throws InterruptedException
   {
      while (accounts[from] < amount)
         wait();
      System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
      accounts[from] -= amount;
      System.out.printf(" %10.2f from %d to %d", amount, from, to);
      accounts[to] += amount;
      System.out.printf(" Total Balance: %10.2f%n", getTotalBalance());
      notifyAll();
   }

   /**
    * Gets the sum of all account balances.
    * @return the total balance
    */
   public synchronized double getTotalBalance()
   {
      double sum = 0;

      for (double a : accounts)
         sum += a;

      return sum;
   }

   /**
    * Gets the number of accounts in the bank.
    * @return the number of accounts
    */
   public int size()
   {
      return accounts.length;
   }
}

14.5.6 同步阻塞

14.5.7 监视器概念

14.5.9 final 变置

14.5.10 原子性

14.5.11 死锁

14.5.12 线程局部变量

14.5.13 锁测试与超时

14.5.14 读 / 写锁

14.5.15 为什么弃用 stop 和 suspend 方法

14.6 阻塞队列

package blockingQueue;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;

/**
 * @version 1.02 2015-06-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class BlockingQueueTest
{
   private static final int FILE_QUEUE_SIZE = 10;
   private static final int SEARCH_THREADS = 100;
   private static final File DUMMY = new File("");
   private static BlockingQueue<File> queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(FILE_QUEUE_SIZE);

   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      try (Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in)) 
      {
         System.out.print("Enter base directory (e.g. /opt/jdk1.8.0/src): ");
         String directory = in.nextLine();
         System.out.print("Enter keyword (e.g. volatile): ");
         String keyword = in.nextLine();
          
         Runnable enumerator = () -> {
            try
            {
               enumerate(new File(directory));
               queue.put(DUMMY);
            }
            catch (InterruptedException e)
            {
            }            
         };
         
         new Thread(enumerator).start();
         for (int i = 1; i <= SEARCH_THREADS; i++) {
            Runnable searcher = () -> {
               try
               {
                  boolean done = false;
                  while (!done)
                  {
                     File file = queue.take();
                     if (file == DUMMY)
                     {
                        queue.put(file);
                        done = true;
                     }
                     else search(file, keyword);
                  }
               }
               catch (IOException e)
               {
                  e.printStackTrace();
               }
               catch (InterruptedException e)
               {
               }               
            };
            new Thread(searcher).start();
         }
      }
   }
   
   /**
    * Recursively enumerates all files in a given directory and its subdirectories.
    * @param directory the directory in which to start
    */
   public static void enumerate(File directory) throws InterruptedException
   {
      File[] files = directory.listFiles();
      for (File file : files)
      {
         if (file.isDirectory()) enumerate(file);
         else queue.put(file);
      }
   }
   
   /**
    * Searches a file for a given keyword and prints all matching lines.
    * @param file the file to search
    * @param keyword the keyword to search for
    */
   public static void search(File file, String keyword) throws IOException
   {
      try (Scanner in = new Scanner(file, "UTF-8"))
      {
         int lineNumber = 0;
         while (in.hasNextLine())
         {
            lineNumber++;
            String line = in.nextLine();
            if (line.contains(keyword)) 
               System.out.printf("%s:%d:%s%n", file.getPath(), lineNumber, line);
         }
      }
   }
}

14.7 线程安全的集合

14.7.1 高效的映射、集和队列

14.7.2 映射条目的原子更新

14.7.4 并发集视图

14.7.5 写数组的拷贝

14.7.6 并行数组算法

14.7.7 较早的线程安全集合