python 学习笔记之类

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-16 23:34:20 发布

dong_gggg

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-16 23:34:20 发布

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文章标签： python 学习开发语言

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/dong_gggg/article/details/123317198

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这篇博客介绍了Python中类的创建、实例化、属性操作以及方法调用。通过示例展示了如何创建Dog和Car类，并进行实例化，以及如何调用方法改变对象状态。此外，还探讨了类的继承，如ElectricCar类继承自Car类，添加了电动汽车特有的属性和方法。最后，讲解了如何在一个模块中存储多个类以及如何导入和使用这些类。

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类的相关操作：

##  类的创建
class Dog():
    """一次模拟小狗的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        """初始化属性name和age"""
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    def sit(self):
        """模拟小狗被命令时蹲下"""
        print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
    def roll_over(self):
        """模拟小狗被命令时打滚"""
        print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")

##  根据类创建实例
my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)
print("My dog's name is " + my_dog.name.title() + ".")
print("My dog is " + str(my_dog.age) + " years old.")

##  调用方法
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()


## 关于属性的相关操作
class Car():
    """一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0  # 给属性指定默认值
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        """返回整洁的描述性信息"""
        long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
        return long_name.title()
    def read_odometer(self):
        """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    def update_odometer(self, mileage):  #通过方法修改属性的值
        """将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
        """
        将里程表读数设置为指定的值
        禁止将里程表读数往回调
        """
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
    def increment_odometer(self, miles):  #通过方法对属性的值进行递增
        """将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
        self.odometer_reading += miles
        
my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()

##  直接修改属性的值
my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odometer()

##  通过方法修改属性的值
my_new_car.update_odometer(18)
my_new_car.read_odometer()

print("---------")
##  通过方法对属性的值进行递增
my_used_car = Car('subaru', 'outback', 2013)
print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_used_car.update_odometer(23500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()
my_used_car.increment_odometer(100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

类的继承：

class Car():
    """一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0  # 给属性指定默认值
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        """返回整洁的描述性信息"""
        long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
        return long_name.title()
    def read_odometer(self):
        """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    def update_odometer(self, mileage):  #通过方法修改属性的值
        """将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
        """
        将里程表读数设置为指定的值
        禁止将里程表读数往回调
        """
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
    def increment_odometer(self, miles):  #通过方法对属性的值进行递增
        """将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
        self.odometer_reading += miles
        
##  将实例用作属性
class Battery():
    """一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self, battery_size=70):
        """初始化电瓶的属性"""
        self.battery_size = battery_size
    def describe_battery(self):
        """打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"""
        print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
        
    def get_range(self):
        """打印一条消息，指出电瓶的续航里程"""
        if self.battery_size == 70:
            range = 240
        elif self.battery_size == 85:
            range = 270
        message = "This car can go approximately " + str(range)
        message += " miles on a full charge."
        print(message)
        
## 定义子类
class ElectricCar(Car):
    """电动汽车的独特之处"""
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        """初始化父类的属性"""
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        """
        电动汽车的独特之处
        初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性
        """
        self.battery = Battery()

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
my_tesla.battery.get_range()

一个模块中存储多个类：

## 在一个模块中存储多个类
class Car():
    """一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        """初始化描述汽车的属性"""
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0  # 给属性指定默认值
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        """返回整洁的描述性信息"""
        long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
        return long_name.title()
    def read_odometer(self):
        """打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    def update_odometer(self, mileage):  #通过方法修改属性的值
        """将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
        """
        将里程表读数设置为指定的值
        禁止将里程表读数往回调
        """
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
    def increment_odometer(self, miles):  #通过方法对属性的值进行递增
        """将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
        self.odometer_reading += miles

class Battery():
    """一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self, battery_size=70):
        """初始化电瓶的属性"""
        self.battery_size = battery_size
    def describe_battery(self):
        """打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"""
        print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
        
    def get_range(self):
        """打印一条消息，指出电瓶的续航里程"""
        if self.battery_size == 70:
            range = 240
        elif self.battery_size == 85:
            range = 270
        message = "This car can go approximately " + str(range)
        message += " miles on a full charge."
        print(message)
        
## 定义子类
class ElectricCar(Car):
    """电动汽车的独特之处"""
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        """初始化父类的属性"""
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        """
        电动汽车的独特之处
        初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性
        """
        self.battery = Battery()

调用模块中的类：

from car import Car
my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odometer()

从一个模块中导入多个类：

##  从一个模块中导入多个类
from car import Car, ElectricCar
my_beetle = Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016)
print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

导入整个模块：

##  导入整个模块
import car
my_beetle = car.Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016)
print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla = car.ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

"""
导入模块中的所有类
from module_name import *
"""

如何使用Python 标准库

##  Python 标准库
from collections import OrderedDict
##  OrderedDict是collections模块中的一个字典类
favorite_languages = OrderedDict()
favorite_languages['jen'] = 'python'
favorite_languages['sarah'] = 'c'
favorite_languages['edward'] = 'ruby'
favorite_languages['phil'] = 'python'
for name, language in favorite_languages.items():
    print(name.title() + "'s favorite language is " +
        language.title() + ".")