机器学习中的重要概念

假设空间(hypothesis space)

机器学习中可能的函数构成的空间称为“假设空间”。
监督学习的任务是学习一个模型，使模型能够对任意给定的输入，对其相应的输出做出一个好的预测。模型属于由输入空间到输出空间的映射的集合，这个集合就是假设空间。假设空间的确定意味着学习范围的确定。

data point

A data point or observation is a set of one or more measurements on a single member of unit of observation. For example, in a study of the determinants of money demand with the unit of observation being the individual, a data point might be the values of income, wealth, age of individual, number of dependents. Statistical inference about the population would be conducted using a statistical sample consisting of various such data points.

In addition, in statistical graphics, a “data point” may be an individual item with a statistical display; such points may relate to either a single member of a population or to a summary statistic calculated for a given subpopulation.

–from wiki

正例(positive example)，负例(negative example)

出现在二分类问题中